1.1 Project
title
A Proposed project which is to build at the main
campus of University of Dar es salaam.
1.2 Project
definition
A business center is a place where there is a lot of
activities taking place. A place you can work when you are away from your usual
place of work .This will include different kinds of shops for instance; grocery
stores, retail shops, as well as a mini market.
It will also possess compatibles such as ATM banking
services as well as a restaurant.
1.3 Objectives
of the project
·
Continuing the construction project through the following
processes;
Ø Outlining
the basic building materials which may be used in the substructure and roofing
Ø Designing
the detailed substructure
Ø Designing
the detailed roof of the structure.
Ø Providing
detailed sketches of the substructure and roofing.
Ø Measurements
of building works.
1.5 Site location
The site is located at the University of Dar es
Salaam (UDSM), Dar es Salaam region in Tanzania
1.6 Site accessibility
The site is accessible through the main road which
passes inside the university, passing the administration area to Ardhi University
(the university road). Hence the road users i.e. pedestrians as well as the car
drivers have an easy access to both sides of the site.
1.7 Site neighborhood
The site is bordered by tarmac road on the northern side, residential house
and an open space on the eastern side, hall
two building on the western side and tarmac road on the southern side.
1.8 The utilities found on the site
The presence of important utilities which are
necessary for the construction purposes of the project for instance power and
water supply. For the case of waste disposal system they are broken but they
can be maintained for proper functioning.
1.9 Site topography
The site has a gentle slope, in which the terrain
starts from the northern part of the site to the southern part of the site.
1.10 Plot size of the site
The size of the site is 133.28 meters by 137.06
meters (dimensions have been obtained by pacing method). This makes the plot to
have enough space to accommodate all the required construction equipment which
can be placed on site.
Changes found:
There are some slight changes that we encounted when
visiting the site such as cutting down of some trees as shown below.
Otherwise, No further changes were observed in site of our
sites’ layout.
CHAPTER
TWO
DETAILED
DESIGN OF THE SUBSTRUCTURE.
2.1 INTRODUTION
A substructure is the lowest part of the building
which acts as the base of the superstructure. The main function of the
substructure is to carry as well as distribute the loads ( live and dead
weight) of the superstructure into the soil.
The design of the foundation of our structure is a
strip foundation mixed with pad foundation, this is because the walls of our building are
long hence they require columns to ensure maximum structural stability of the
building. The following are the specification for materials for each kind of
the foundation used.
2.2 THE STRIP FOUNDATION
Our strip foundation will be composed of the
following;
Ø The
over site concrete slab
For the over site
concrete slab has the thickness of 100mm and has the grade of 15’. The
materials used are cement, sand and aggregates.
Ø Hard
core bed.
The thickness of the
hard core bed is 150mm it will be composed of coral stones and also a 50mm
blinding made out of river sand will be placed onto of the coral stones.
Ø Foundation
wall
The depth of the
foundation wall is 1050mm made of concrete blocks of size 450×230×150mm and the
mortar of cement-sand ratio of 1:3.
Ø Ground
beam
The tensile steels to
be used will of 12mm diameter, tied together by 8mm stirrups. The cover is
40mm.
Ø Foundation
footing.
The foundation footing
will be laid onto the 50mm thick blinding made of river sand. The foundation
footing will be of grade 25’ of ratio 1:1.5:3. The concrete will comprising of
cement, sand and aggregates.
Ø Damp
proof membrane.
The material used as damp
proof membrane is polythene sheet which will be placed on the hardcore bed.
Ø Damp
proof course.
We will be using
polythene as a damp proof course it will be laid onto the foundation wall whose
width will be 230mm. the damp proof course will be laid around the foundation
with a mean girth of 80.84m.
Appendix, strip
foundation cross section x-x and cross section y-y.
2.3 THE PAD FOUNDATION.
The specification of
materials for the pad foundation we designed is as follows;
Ø The
reinforced footing.
It will have the size of 900mm by
900mm, and the thickness of 230mm. The length of the reinforcement inside will
be 970mm.
Ø Column.
Column size will be 300mm by 300mm
which will be reinforced by Y12 bars. By the cover of 40mm on each side.
Ø Kicker.
The column kicker which will be
placed on top of the foundation floor will have the thickness of 75mm which
will be a square of 300mm by 300mm.
CHAPTER THREE
THE ROOF.
3.1 INTRODUCTION
A roof is a structure forming the upper covering of
a superstructure. The structure of a roof is mainly divided into two elements
which are;
a. The
roof frame work
b. Roof
covering
3.2 ROOF COVERING
Is the uppermost part of the roof, it is laid on top
of the roof frame work. Usually the materials and quality for the roof covering
determines its value.
3.3 THE ROOF FRAMEWORK.
A
roof framework is a structure constructed whose main function is to support the
roof.
List of the materials
to be used for the roof are;
Ø Rafters
(common rafters).
Ø Roof
covering
Ø Nails.
Ø Struts.
Ø Purlins
Ø Tie
beams
The
following are the components of the roof structure and their specifications:
Rafters
Rafters
are sloped beams that run from the roof’s ridge to the eaves that supports the
upper roofing materials. We proposed the use of 150mm by 50mm treated timber
rafters.
Struts
Struts
are structures designed to resist longitudinal compression and they are placed
in the roof frame to serve the function of transferring loads from purlins and
beams to the load bearing wall. We proposed the use of 150mm by 50mm treated timber
struts.
Tie
beams
Tie
beams are horizontal beams which connects two rafters of a roof truss. We
proposed the use of 150mm by 50mm treated timber tie beams.
Purlins
Purlins
are horizontal structures of a roof frame made up of either timber or metal
which supports the rafters of the roof. We proposed the use of 75mm by 50mm
treated timber purlins.
King
post
King post is an upright post which
is usually at the center of a roof truss, extending from the tie beam to the
top of the truss. We proposed the use of 150mm by 50mm
treated timber king post.
The
wall plate.
A
wall plate is a horizontal timber
placed at the
top of a wall for
the function of bearing the
ends of the rafters. We proposed
the use of 150mm by 50mm treated timber wall plates.
CHAPTER
FOUR
ASSUMPTIONS
4.1 ASSUMPTIONS
The following are the assumptions we made while
carrying out our project:
Ø The
foundation wall is 1050mm deep.
Ø The
depth of the concrete footing is 230mm, its thickness and length is 700mm.
Ø The
thickness of the blinding is 50mm.
Ø The
soil of our site has the required bearing capacity to support the load of the
whole structure.
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