UNIVERSITY PRACTICAL TRAINING REPORT-CONSTRUCTION

UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (CoET)

DEPARTMENT OF STRUCTURAL AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

NAME: MNYANYEMBE ISMAIL A

REG No. 2016-04-08652

COURSE: BSc IN QUANTITY SURVEYING

YEAR OF STUDY: 2^ndYEAR

FIRM: NEW AGE CONSTRUCTION

PRACTICAL TRAININING (PT2)

DURATION PERIOD: 8 WEEKS

TRAINING OFFICER: Eng GIFT NGOMUO

SUPERVISOUR NAME:

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE ………………………………………………………………………………………….

DECLARATION…………………………………………………………………………………...

AKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………………………

PART1: GENERAL REPORT………………………………………………………….………….

Introduction of the Firm ….…….……………….………………………………….…………..

PROJECT SUMMARY …………………………………….………..…

PART 2: LOG BOOKS AND WEEKLY SUMMARY…………………………………...........

WEEK 1: …...…...

WEEK 2; …………………………………………...……

WEEK 3: …………….………………………………...………………..

WEEK 4: …………..………………..………………..………………..……

WEEK 5: …………………….....…………….…..

WEEK 6: ……………………………………...…………………………..............................

WEEK 7; …………………..….……………………………………………………………..

WEEK 8; ………………..……………………………………………………………………

PART 3: SPECIFIC REPORT…………………………………………………………………….

PART 4: GENERAL CONCLUTION……………………………………………………………

DECLARATION

This report was prepared by MNYANYEMBE ISMAIL A a quantity surveying second year student at University of Dar es salaam, who declare that all the information covered in these report are from sites activities and information from site engineers and company managing director. This report is about the construction of CARMEL SCHOOL at olasiti, Arusha.

Declare to be faithful to,

........................... ………………………………

ENG. ROGATH MCHAU ENG. GIFT NGOMUO

Managing director Site engineer

PREFACE

Practical training (PT) is the part of four years while studying Bsc. Quantity surveying course offered by the college of engineering and technology (COET) of the University of Dar-es salaam. It conducted after second semester of the first, second and third year of studies and is extended over the period of 8 weeks

Practical training has the following main objectives or purposes

· To improve and provide knowledge on how to use some tools and equipments effectively

· To develop abilities in terms of communicating, planning, organizing

· To increase hard working and efficiency

· To learn more about future career

Practical training help students to relate all theories learned in class to the real life/ practically. During this students will be aware with many things concerning their future profession.

Also it helps students to gain more apart from those they learned from lecture rooms, college workshop or laboratories. Also the problems that will face the students will help him/her to overcome to the future.

The report is detailed descriptions of craftsman’s level in practical training level in a company named as NEW AGE CONSTRUCTION COMPANY.

The report explains about the project conducted for the purpose of school development at CARMEL SCHOOL

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First, I would like to give thanks to God for his blessing and power he always gives to me for superb energy and willingness I had in my practical training period

Also I would like extend special thanks to New Age Construction Company for giving me chance to train in their activities. The staff was very supporting in every way possible to help me learn and practice and acquire knowledge.

Special thanks to the department of structural and construction engineering for creating and facilitating this great opportunity to learn from a practical perspective and knowledge obtained at class and therefore give me a real perspective of applications of building construction in practical applications.

Also I would like extend my appreciation to my family that supported me during all the time at home and for every means in my training. Their undying support and advice on office behavior contributed to the success of my training at New Age Construction Company.

Also I would like to express my gratitude to several individuals starting with my supervisor for guiding and challenging me during the training,

Mr. Brian Maganga (managing manager)

Mr. Gift Ngomuo (site engineer)

GENERAL INFORMATION OF THE COMPANY

NEW AGE CONSTRUCTION COMPANY is a multidisciplinary Local Construction company, founded and registered in Tanzania with Engineer’s Registration Board (ERB) in 2004 as Local Engineering Consulting Firm. NCL is also a member of the Association of Consulting Engineers (Tanzania) (ACET); the association is affiliated to FIDIC.
The firm is wholly owned by MR GODSON J NGOMUO and is also legally registered under the Companies Ordinance (Cap. 212) and currently operating through its office located at Arusha city center, located at OLOSIVA/KIRANYI

VISION
NEW AGE CONSTRUCTIN has the vision of being the Best Engineering Company to all of its Clients. To attain its vision and maintain it, the company has a set of nine core values which are:-

Ø Client's Satisfaction

Ø Flexibility

Ø Openness and Transparency

Ø Team work

Ø Ethics Integrity and Professional conduct

Ø Best quality in construction

Ø Affordability

Ø External region branches expansion

Ø Employment opportunity availability

MISSIONS

Ø To exceed Client's expectations by providing quality services within the given time frame work.

Ø Also high efficiency in construction and reaching the contemporary world standards.

Ø The company also aims at conserving the environment and creating the harmless atmosphere for the beneficiaries of the projects conducted.

These missions have always been possible due to the pre mentioned core values the company has. It is these missions that are taking the company to the fore front of multi-disciplinary engineering projects and management practices.

CULTURE AND VALUES

Ø Social responsibility

Ø Quality and best practice

Ø Customer focused

Ø Professionalism and Ethical conduct

Ø Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Ø Commitment

Ø Team work

Ø Environment friendly

Ø Accountability

Ø Value for Money

Ø Learning agency

Ø Gender Sensitive

Ø Fighting against Corruption and HIV&AIDS pandemic

PROJECT SUMMARY

Purpose of the project:

Project stake holders:

CLIENT: THE SISTERS OF APOSTOLIC CARMEL

ARCHITECT: TERRESTIAL ARCH CONSULTANCY

QUANTITY SURVEYOR: CONSTRUCTION SOLUTIONS LTD

ENGINEER: DOVE ENGINEERING TANZANIA LTD

MAIN ACTIVITIES OF THE PROJECT

Below is a description of the main construction works performed during the training period;

Ø This activity involves clear site of small bushes, undergrowth and the like grubbing their roots and store in spoil heap

v Removal of top soil

Ø This activity involves excavates average 150mm deep to remove top vegetable soil and stock pile on site for later re- use.

v Earth filling and compaction

Ø This activity involves filling of good soil around foundation.

Ø Leveling of soil was followed

Ø Sprinkling of water around foundation

Ø Compaction was done to ensure well leveling and to increase the strength of soil

v Preparation of hardcore bed

Ø This activity includes 200mm bed, leveled and blinded to receive polythene membrane

v Preparation of Concrete works grade 25 of 1:1.5:3

Ø Concrete was casted to spread on top of hard core bed

Ø Mixing of sand and course aggregate until mixed within concrete mixer

Ø Put cement inside a concrete mixer in a required amount

Ø Put water and admixture inside the concrete mixer in a required amount

Ø Concrete taken into the required area

v Fixing of reinforcement concrete work

Ø Cutting of high tensile bars into the required length

Ø Joining and shaped of high tensile by using stirrups wires

Ø Overlapping the R.C into the short R.C column

Ø Fixing of form work all around the R.C

Ø Casting and pouring of concrete into the R.C short column and beam

v Erection of walling

Ø Fixing of damp-proof course to prevent rise of moisture

Ø Preparation of mortar (1:4) was followed

Ø Solid concrete block wall bedded and jointed with prepared mortar

Ø Leveling of block wall

v fixing of metal rank shelves

Ø Cutting of high tensile bars into the required length

Ø Fixing of horizontal high tensile bars to the vertical tensile bars by using steel wires

Ø Leveling of horizontal high tensile bars

v Construction of form works

Ø Cut marine board into the size which is similar to the ring beam

Ø Cut hard woods for supporting marine board into a required length

Ø Fixing marine board and supporting hard wood

v Construction of roof slab

Ø Cutting of high tensile bars into the required length

Ø Joining and shaped of high tensile by using stirrups wires to form ring beam

Ø Fixing those ring beam for slab

Ø Fixing marine board into the ring beam

Ø Then pouring concrete into the prepared ring beam and form work

INFLUENCE OF ENVIROMENTAL CONDITION.

Ø Sun during a day

Ø Conducive for all activities.

CONCLUSION.

Ø All works and activities were all performed and understood effectively.

BUILDING MATERIAL USED

Different materials were used in the construction process. The materials include; Cement, Coarse and fine aggregates, Steel bars, and Woods (Timber & marine boards) nails, . Due to its effects depending on the type used, water is described as a building material in this report. The strength of the concrete used in construction of various elements on the construction is also described (specified).

AGGREGATES

Aggregates were well cleaned and free from dust and they were of quality and nature required. The aggregate used were coarse aggregates of;

Ø 10mm max. size, graded, for all “fine” concrete

Ø 20mm max. size, graded, for all reinforced concrete in beams and for walls and slabs not greater than 400mm thick.

Ø 40mm max. size ,graded, for all reinforced concrete walls and slabs in excess of 400mm thick and mass concrete members

CEMENT

It was Ordinary Lucky cement. The Cement was manufactured in Pakistan.

WOODS

The woods used were of two types; Cyprus woods (timber) and Marine board. The Cyprus woods were collected from Iringa region and the marine board was imported from Bombay (India). The woods were used for shuttering and supporting the safety nets. The woods used for shuttering were supposed to be free from knots, splits and other shakes. The newly used woods had the above mentioned qualities; had neither splits nor knots. The recycled or reused woods had several splits and knots. The shakes led to the formation of knots on the surfaces of the finished elements (beams, slabs and columns). These have adverse effects to the distribution or transfer of the load to the ground. Knots led to the concentration of the forces (load) at only one point leading to the failure of the structures subsequently the collapse of the building. Thus knots should be observed and avoided during any construction process.

STEEL BARS

Steel used was from turkey

WATER

water used in construction at site was the water supplied by the Water Supply Company .The use of this water had the purpose of avoiding salt water which is commonly underground water.

CONCRETE

The concrete used in construction of different structures of the construction had different mixing ratio (grades). For slab beams and columns, it was at the ratio of 1:1:4 (C30) and for stair it was 1:1.5:3 which is C25

CONCRETE COVER TO REINFORCEMENTS

The concrete cover to the reinforcements differed depending on the structure and its load is to transfer to the ground. When shuttering, the concrete cover was given by the thickness of the spacer blocks.

WEEK 1 SUMMARY 30/07 -04/07/2018:

COLUMNS CONSTRUCTION

INTRODUCTION:

A column is the vertical member carrying the beam and floor loadings to the foundation and is a compression member. The columns are made with reinforced concrete; also columns are used to determine the exact position of walls, stairs, and corridors and so on. Since concrete is strong in compression it may be concluded that provided compressive strength of the concrete is not exceeded no reinforcement would be required. For this condition to be true the following conditions must exist:

ü loading must be axial

ü the large cross section area

These conditions rarely occur in framed buildings, consequently bending is included and the need for reinforcement to provide tensile strength is apparent.

On the site we made 24 columns of rectangular form which have the dimension of 460mm in length, 230mm in width and 2700mm in height.

v MATERIALS USED:

Ø Cement

Ø Sand

Ø Aggregates

Ø Water

Ø Marine board

Ø Timber

Ø Steel bars

Ø Nails

Ø Props (mirunda trees)

Ø Binding wires

Ø Oil

v SKILLS AND MAN POWER

On the site there was:

Ø Foreman

Ø Cheap labours

Ø Concrete engineer

Ø Site engineer

Ø Site Engineers

Ø Foreman

Ø Trainees

Ø Skilled labour

Ø Unskilled labour

v PROCEDURES

Ø Setting out columns was firstly done since the construction of slab by means of dump level, where by starter bars for columns were erected on the required position. Then the construction of slab basement followed.

Ø We then start by fixing the steel bars for columns to the height of second floor level. We used steel bars of dimension Y16 and for stirrup was Y8. The cutting, bending and fixing of steel bars were done as per bending schedule.

Ø Fixing of spacer blocks was the next step; this was done purposely to give a maximum cover for the concrete.

Ø Since we received the formworks i.e. timber formworks, which has already being prepared on the required positions. Timber and nails were used on tighten the timber formwork. Tighten process was done purposely to prevent grout leakage.

Ø Plumb bob and measuring tape was then used to ensure that the column formwork stand vertically without lean on other sides.

Ø Finally casting of concrete on the column formwork was done, concrete of grade 25 in ratio of 1:1^1/2:3 were used. Casting was done in one operation with the use of mechanical vibrator (pocker) to ensure maximum compaction.

v INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

During construction of columns, the weather conditions were condensate, which allow the labour to work at the maximum required time..

v SAFETY PRECAUTION

QUALITY: care was observed during construction and erection so that the required size, position and finish of concrete are obtained.

v SAFETY:

They were constructed strong enough to take pressure or weight of the fresh concrete and any other load without distortion, leakage failure or danger to humans.

In addition helmets, gloves were strictly advised to be worn throughout the time of column construction. This was done purposely to protect the labor.

v CONCLUSION:

Column reinforcements should be anchored horizontally to the beams with enough anchorage length.

The work was done well per specification and completed as required as an engineering work it was constructed with, Quality, safety, economic and within the time.

Figure 1: column construction

WEEK 2 SUMMARY 10/07 -15/07/2017:

CONCRETE PREPARATION

v INTRODUCTION:

Concrete is a composite construction material composed primarily of aggregate, cement and water. There are many formulations that have varied properties. The aggregate is generally coarse gravel or crushed rocks such as limestone, or granite, along with a fine aggregate such as sand. The cement, commonly Portland cement, and other cementations materials such as fly ash and slag cement, serve as a binder for the aggregate. Water is then mixed with this dry composite which enables it to be shaped (typically poured) and then solidified and hardened into rock-hard strength.

v SKILLS AND MAN POWER

Ø Foreman

Ø Cheap labours

Ø Concrete engineer

Ø Site engineer

Ø Site Engineers

Ø Foreman

Ø Trainees

Ø Skilled labour

Ø Unskilled labour

v MATERIAL USED,.

Ø aggregates

Ø sand

Ø Twiga Cement

v TOOLS AND MACHINERY USED.

Ø Tools: spade, basin, pocker.

Ø Machinery: roller pulley concrete mixer. Concrete pump.

v PROCEDURES.

Ø The material were prepared and the aggregates were washed as required

Ø Then the concrete mix machine was switched on and their speed was moderate then the fine aggregate, course aggregate and cement were batched by volume (nominal mix) then optimum water was applied to the drum of concrete mixer and the mixer was left (around 3-4 minutes) to obtain the required mixer

NOTE:

The concrete ratio depends on the usage for example:

ü 1:3:6 (grade 15) mass concrete for over site concrete.

ü 1:2:4 (grade 20) reinforced concrete

ü 1:1^1/2:3 (grade 25) reinforced concrete. These ratio was used for our site for column and suspend slabs (reinforced slabs

v INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS.

Weather condition was dry, dry condition was very favorable and the work went smoothly.

The task was performed at night hence the humidity favored the concreting work and it didn`t affect the work.

v SAFETY PRECAUTIONS.

Safety tools used were gumboots, gloves, overcoats and helmets

Safety precaution taken was

Ø wearing safety boots, gumboots

Ø wearing gloves

Ø wearing over coats and helmets

v CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

I recommend that concreting should be done during the night time as to avoid excessive loss of water from the concrete structure before it is hardened.

Figure 2: concrete preparation

WEEK 3 SUMMARY 17/07 -22/07/2017:

FOUNDATION WALL CONSTRUCTION

v INTRODUCTION

Foundation wall carries all imposed loads and transmits the o the ground without settlement. This foundation wall was constructed by using blocks joined together by mortar of mixing ration 1:4 (cement to sand).

v OBJECTIVES:

Ø Carry and transmit all loads ( live and dead) to the ground without failure

Ø Provide stability and strength of the proposed structure.

v MATERIAL USED

Ø Hard core Stone

Ø Portland cement

Ø Sand

Ø Water

v TOOLS USED

Ø Wooden float

Ø Measuring tape

Ø Trowels

Ø Spade and buckets

Ø String

Ø Lump hammer

v SKILLS AND MANPOWER:

Ø Foreman

Ø Cheap labours

Ø Concrete engineer

Ø Site engineer

Ø Site Engineers

Ø Foreman

Ø Trainees

Ø Skilled labour

Ø Unskilled labour

v PROCEDURE

Ø Batching and mixing of required material to form motar to a specified ratio that was 1:4

Ø Marking out the size (width) of the foundation wall by string and measuring tape.

Ø Wetting the surface ( mass concrete based on earth) read to receive motar.

Ø Pouring and spreading of motar on the surface where blocks are expected to be laid on, spreading at width similar to the width of the foundation wall to be constructed.

Ø Laying of blocks on spreader mortal in such a way that they obtain a good bond and make a joint of about 10mm thick.

Ø Applying cement mortar to the joints and make sure all joints are fully of motar leaving no voids between adjacent blocks.

Ø Pouring and spreading of mortar over the previous constructed block wall for the second cause of stones.

Ø Cleaning of tools used keeping the site safely and storing the equipments and tools.

v INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS.

Ø Weather: dry and sunny.

Ø The dry condition was very favorable and the work went smoothly without affecting the block working process.

Ø The sunny condition was also good and the walling work was not affected by the condition.

v SAFETY PRECAUTIONS.

Safety tools used were gumboots, gloves, overcoats and helmets

Safety precaution taken was

Ø wearing safety boots, gumboots

Ø wearing gloves to enable easy carrying of blocks.

Ø wearing over coats and helmets

v CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

Since the blocks used were not of exactly same size they resulted in the bending of walls and since they were using only floor plan without the section plan, there were some walls that had to be brocken since they go higher than expected. Example in the windows, 4 courses were built while they were supposed to be three. This resulted to the breaking of walls to get three courses.

Therefore during the blockworking it is recommended to use the blocks with exactly same size and also to make a good use of section plan.

Figure 3: Foundation Walling

WEEK 4 SUMMARY 24/07 -29/07/2017:

EARTHFILLING AND COMPACTION

I (a) Earth filling

Ø The purpose of earth filling is to place back soil into the trenches and opening surface, this material contain sand, rocks and stones, as well as earth.

Ø After earth filling process done, leveling of soil was followed

Ø Sprinkling of water was followed

(b) Compaction process

Ø Is the process by which the porosity of a given form of sediment is decreased as a result of its mineral grains being squeezed together by the weight of overlying sediment or by mechanical means.

Ø Compaction was done to ensure well leveling and to increase the strength of soil

Importance Of Earth Filling And Compaction Of Soil

Ø Used to create a strong and stable base

Ø Increase the strength of soil

Ø Increase the soil density or unity weight

v TOOLS AND MATERIAL USED;

Ø Wheelbarrows

Ø Bucket

Ø Holes

Ø PVC pipes

Ø Buckets

Ø Soil compactor machine

v SKILLS AND MANPOWER

Ø Foreman

Ø Cheap labours

Ø Concrete engineer

Ø Site engineer

Ø Site Engineers

Ø Foreman

Ø Trainees

Ø Skilled labour

v SAFETY AND PRECAUTIONS;

Ø Wearing helmet during all working time

Ø Wearing gloves

Ø Wearing boots.

Ø Wearing overall or over coat

v INFLUENCE OF ENVIROMENTAL CONDITION.

Ø Sun during a day.

Ø Conducive for all activities.

v CONCLUSION.

Ø All works and activities were all performed and understood effectively.

Figure 4: Backfilling and Soil Compaction

WEEK 5 SUMMARY 24/07 -29/07/2017:

SEPTIC TANK CONSTRUCTIONS

WORKING HOURS: 0800 – 1700 hrs

INTRODUCTION

A tank typically underground in which sewage is collected and allowed to decompose through bacterial activity before draining by means of soak away or is a chamber made of concrete fiberglass, PVC or plastic through which domestic wastewater flows for primary treatment

After excavations of the pit next thing was to cover the soil with hardcore and damp proof membrane. Then preparations and concrete casting for the floor finishes. The floor was constructed with slight slope surface for separation purpose. The next day was to construct walls to the ground level.

And next was plastering of septic tank walls, walls were covered with plaster rich in cement in order to make it suitable in wet condition.

v PROCEDURE:

Ø Excavation of septic tank and removal of excavated material

Ø Hardcore fill and spread of gravels to make a firm level

Ø Block walling to ground level

Ø Plastering of walls’ sides

v SKILLS AND MANPOWER:

Ø Foreman

Ø Cheap labours

Ø Concrete engineer

Ø Site engineer

Ø Site Engineers

Ø Foreman

Ø Trainees

Ø Skilled labour

Ø Unskilled labour

v TOOLS AND MACHINES USED:

Ø Scissor for cutting damp proof course

Ø Tape measure for measuring different dimensions

Ø Trowel for mortar works

Ø Plumb bob to insuring blocks are in same levels

Ø Wheel barrow for carrying sand

Ø Coats and hats and boots for safety measures

v INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENAL CONDITION

Ø Sun during a day, this reduce speed of the work

Ø Conductive for all activities

v SAFETY PRECAUTIONS.

Safety tools used were gumboots, gloves, overcoats and helmets

Safety precaution taken was

Ø wearing safety boots, gumboots

Ø wearing gloves to enable easy carrying of blocks.

Ø wearing over coats and helmets

v CONCLUSION.

Ø All works and activities were all performed and understood effectively.

Figure 5: Septic Tank Construction

WEEK 6 SUMMARY 07/08 - 12/08/2017:

HARDCORE AND OVERSITE CONCRETE

v INTRODUCTION

Concrete is the hardened building material created by combining a chemically inert aggregate (fine and coarse aggregate),a binder (cement) and water in controlled proportions and of suitable quality.

Ø Cement: powder produced from clay and chalk or limestone. In general most concrete is made up with ordinary or rapid hardening cement and it is act as a binder.

Ø Aggregate: shape, surface texture and grading (distribution of particle size) are factor which influence the workability and strength of a concrete mix. Fine aggregate are generally regarded as those materials which pass through 4mm sieve whereas course aggregate are retained on a 4mm sieve

Ø Water must be clean and free from impurities which are likely to affect the quality or strength of the resultant concrete.

Ø Basic requirement of concrete are:

I. Appropriate workability

I. Optimum compactability

II. Sufficient cohesiveness

v OBJECTIVES:

Ø Provides an essential part of a strong foundation for building work

Ø Prevent water moisture

Ø Concrete is widely used for making architectural structures, foundations, brick/block walls, pavements, bridges/overpasses, motorways/roads, runways, parking structures, dams, pools/reservoirs, pipes, footings for gates, fences and poles and even boats.

v SKILLS AND MANPOWER:

Ø Foreman

Ø Cheap labours

Ø Concrete engineer

Ø Site engineer

Ø Site Engineers

Ø Foreman

Ø Trainees

Ø Skilled labour

v TOOLS AND MATERIAL USED;

Ø Manila thread

Ø Tape measure

Ø Wheelbarrow

Ø Iron scissors

Ø Spincers

Ø Concrete mixer

Ø buckets

v INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS.

Ø Weather: dry and sunny.

Ø The dry condition was very favorable and the work went smoothly without affecting the block working process.

Ø The sunny condition was also good and the walling work was not affected by the condition.

v SAFETY PRECAUTIONS.

Safety tools used were gumboots, gloves, overcoats and helmets

Safety precaution taken was

Ø wearing safety boots, gumboots

Ø wearing gloves to enable easy carrying of blocks.

Ø wearing over coats and helmets

v CONCLUSION.

Ø All works and activities were all performed and understood effectively.

Figure 6: Oversite Concrete Casting

WEEK 7 SUMMARY 14/08 - 19/08/2017

BLOCK WALL CONSTRUCTIONS

v INTRODUCTION:

Brick masonry building is the most likely used type of structural system of Housing in many countries. More houses are built using this system. Building a house without following the National Standards of Earthquake design, the Masonry design standard and this Masonry Construction guide could produce damage on the house. For our site the bond used was stretcher bond.

v OBJECTIVES:

The wall are used for protecting the occupant and their properties also as a partitions, some time especially external wall can be used to transfer loads(load bearing wall).

v SKILLS AND MAN POWER

Ø Foreman

Ø Cheap labours

Ø Concrete engineer

Ø Site engineer

Ø Site Engineers

Ø Foreman

Ø Trainees

Ø Skilled labour

v MATERIAL USED,

Ø Sand:

Ø Cement:

Ø Blocks

Ø Water

v TOOLS AND MACHINERY USED.

Ø Tools: square rule, tape measure, plum bob, rope.

v PROCEDURES..

Ø The area was cleaned, all loose materials was removed

Ø Before starting of block work, the area was washed with water.

Ø All blocks was thoroughly

Wetted with water before they were laid and tops of walls left from previous day work had to be similarly wetted before the new work commenced.

Ø Walls was built in stretcher bond

Ø An axe was used for cutting the blocks when they needed to be cut also bolster could be used in preference to a trowel.

Ø All blocks was laid on a full bed of mortar in perfectly horizontal courses, and all joints was set to be in perfect vertical alignment and well filled by mortar the ends of the unit and then sliding into position against its neighbor. Collar joints shall be filled by buttering the stretcher side

Ø Then the setting out process begun by taking the blocks and marking by using blocks where the walls are going to be built.

Ø Then the mortar was prepared by mixing sand cement and water ratio(1:3) and by using a plum bob the level of the blocks where checked to make sure they are leveled and upright

v INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS.

Ø Weather: dry and sunny.

Ø The dry condition was very favorable and the work went smoothly without affecting the block working process.

Ø The sunny condition was also good and the walling work was not affected by the condition.

v SAFETY PRECAUTIONS.

Safety tools used were gumboots, gloves, overcoats and helmets

Safety precaution taken was

Ø wearing safety boots, gumboots

Ø Wearing gloves to enable easy carrying of blocks.

Ø wearing over coats and helmets

v CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.

Therefore during the blockworking it is recommended to use the blocks with exactly same size and also to make a good use of section plan.

Figure 7: Block Wall Construction

WEEK 8 SUMMARY 21/08 - 25/08/2017:

FORMWORK PREPARATION AND FIXING

v INTRODUCTION:

Formwork for concrete work is described as a mould or box into which wet concrete can be poured, compacted and vibrated so that it will flow and finally set to the inner profile of the box or mould. The Ring beam formwork has the dimensions, height 350mm, thickness 230mm and the slab formwork height was 150 mm, dimensions were given on the plan.

v OBJECTIVE:

Formwork is used to support structure temporarily and carry the wet concrete until when it is hardened, it is also used to make the required concrete in a specific shape and size for the time the concrete develops a sufficient strength to support itself.

v MATERIAL USED:

Ø Ply wood/Marine board

Ø Timber.

Ø Nails (3, 4 and 2.5 inches).

Ø Props metals.

Ø Scaffold, props.

Ø Buckets for carrying concrete.

Ø Spades for spreading the concrete.

v TOOLS AND MACHINE USED:

Ø Hand saw.

Ø Tape measure, Rope for lining, Circular saw , Claw hammer, Spirit level.

v PROCEDURES:

Ø The all materials were prepared, timbers were planed to the required size and the props were cut on site to the required size given on the drawing plan.

Ø The soffits of the beams were constructed followed by the side of the beams internally and the slabs soffits were constructed.

Ø The props were placed together with scaffolding, 150mm to 200mm apart so as to sustain the loads of slabs and beams.

Ø Lastly the external side were placed per the drawing and supported per specification as shown to the drawings.

v SKILLS AND MANPOWER:

Ø Foreman

Ø Cheap labors

Ø Concrete engineer

Ø Site engineer

Ø Site Engineers

Ø Foreman

Ø Trainees

Ø Skilled labour,

v SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

The students, workers, laborers and all peoples at the site were given safety gears to ensure that they are safe. The construction site was a busy work environment so care was taken to avoid run over by operating equipment and materials, also there was the first aid kit available in case of an accident at the site

v INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS

During construction of formwork the weather conditions were normal which allow the carpenters and the laborers to work at the required time limit.

v CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION.

The work was performed well as per specification and completed at the required time. And it was performed as an engineering work with, Quality, safety, economic and within the required time.

Figure 8: Formwork and Concrete Casting

SPECIFIC REPORT

CONCRETING

Concrete is the heavy, rough, building materials made from a mixture of aggregates, cement, sand, and water, that can spread or poured out into moulds and that forms a stone- like mass on hardening. It is strong in compression but weak in tension so that it suppose to be reinforced so as to resist both, compression and tension, concrete suppose to be consistency when applied and it always applied into beams, slabs, and columns which both of them are in special form work to prevent shrinkage of concrete.

Also Concrete is a composite construction material composed primarily of aggregate, cement and water. There are many formulations that have varied properties. The aggregate is generally coarse gravel or crushed rocks such as limestone, or granite, along with a fine aggregate such as sand. The cement, commonly Portland cement, and other cementations materials such as fly ash and slag cement, serve as a binder for the aggregate. Water is then mixed with this dry composite which enables it to be shaped (typically poured) and then solidified and hardened into rock-hard strength.

Slump test is the measurement used to check consistency of the concrete by observing its degree of shrinkage into the given slump cone, tools involved during slump test includes, slump cone, tape measure, platform, concrete, iron rod

Figure 9: pouring of concrete

TYPES OF CONCRETE

MODERN CONCRETE

Most commonly, regular concrete is created by mixing Portland cement with both an aggregate and water-chemical mixtures. Often times, cement and concrete are incorrectly interchanged: concrete is the hard, rock-like substance that is so frequently seen in urbanized areas. Cement is an ingredient, the powder, used in the creation of concrete. It is the most-produced material on Earth and will continue to be so long as there is a need to create, rebuild, or improve infrastructure.

HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE

High-strength concrete is different from normal-strength concrete in the amount of force it can resist without breaking. The American Concrete Institute differentiates high-strength from normal-strength at a compressive strength of over 6,000 psi (pounds square inch). In addition to varying the proportions of the materials used in normal-strength concrete, silica fume is added to the mixture in order to strengthen the bond between the cement and the aggregate. However, this admixture causes the cement to hydrate much faster, meaning that it dries quicker than usual. In order to keep consistent the balance between workability and strength, a superplasticizer is added to high-strength concrete. This slows down the chemical reaction between the cement and water, allowing for workers to place the concrete at a more effective pace

HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE (HPC)

High-performance concrete, in contrast to high-strength concrete, is not necessarily known for its compressive resistance. While high-performance concrete can include a high compressive strength, other characteristics used to define “high performance” are the ease of placement without affecting strength, long-term mechanical properties, toughness, and longevity in various weather conditions among others

ULTRA HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE

This type of concrete is more often than not pre-mixed in bags because of the numerous ingredients needed to make it. It includes Portland cement, silica fume, quartz flour, and fine silica sand. However, high-range water reducers, water, and other steel or organic fibers are used to increase the strength of the mixture. Ultra-high performance concrete is particularly durable because of the combination of fine powders. Other types of concrete normally need a steel rebar or reinforcing to retain the intended structure, but UHPC is generally self-placing in addition to its incredible compressive strength of up to 29,000 psi. Its post-cracking longevity is one of UHPC’s strong points because even after this concrete cracks, it still is able to maintain structural integrity with an impressive tensile strength

STAMPED CONCRETE

Stamped concrete is another type of concrete that is very commonly used. Often seen in parking lots, pavements, or other like high-traffic areas, stamped concrete has more of an architectural application. Once concrete has been laid, a kind of mold can be placed on top of, or stamped, onto the hardening concrete to create the appearance of natural stone. Once the floor has been hardened, it will likely be sealed to increase the longevity of the dried mixture.

SELF-CONSOLIDATING CONCRETE

Normally, concrete requires a mechanical vibration while being set in order to release excess air that may be in the mixture. Self-consolidating concrete eliminates the need for mechanical consolidation (the vibrations) mainly through its malleable viscosity. Being able to control the flowability and stability, as achieved by using high-range-water-reducing admixtures, allows concrete to be placed quicker. Not only does this save time, but because there is no need for the mechanical consolidation, self-consolidating concrete saves labor, saves money, and makes it easier for workers to fill restricted or hard-to-reach areas.

SHOTCRETE

Invented by taxidermist, Carl Akeley in 1907, the initial dry method for placing shotcrete was by using a compressed air nozzle to shoot dry mix and injecting water through a separate hose at the head of the nozzle while the dry material is hurled toward the wall. The wet-mix shotcrete was developed later in the 1950’s and is only slightly different than the dry-mix shotcrete wherein dry-mix shotcrete involves the continuous feeding of a hopper through which dry mix would shoot through a nozzle and mix at the point of exit. Wet-mix shotcrete, however, involves the use of pre-mixed concrete. The concrete has already been prepared and therefore only involves one pump. The upside to using wet-mix shotcrete is that dry-mix shotcrete creates more waste (excess powder that falls to the floor), more rebound off the wall, and wet-mix shotcrete can place a larger quantity in a smaller amount of time.

LIMECRETE

Also known as lime concrete, limecrete is a type of concrete where instead of using cement in the mix, lime is replaced. Doing so has certain benefits environmentally and health-wise. Environmentally, lime absorbs carbon dioxide as it sets and allows natural products like wood, straw, and hemp to be used as fibers without fear of composting or deterioration since limecrete controls moisture. In terms of health, lime plaster draws moisture out from inside which means that humidity control is more regulated, resulting in mold growth prevention. Furthermore, limewash and lime plasters are non-toxic so they do not contribute to air pollution inside like other paints would

OBJECTIVE:

Concrete is widely used for making architectural structures, foundations, brick/block walls, pavements, bridges/overpasses, motorways/roads, runways, parking structures, dams, pools/reservoirs, pipes, footings for gates, fences and poles and even boats.

MATERIALS AND TOOLS USED;

Materials,

Ø Aggregates

Ø Sand

Ø Cement

Ø Water

CEMENT

The cement delivered on site was then stored in water proofed shed, and well prevented from contamination of any sort or from any cause. It’s well in doubt that the hardened cement due to poor stored shall never be used in any building

Construct. Also the different types delivered to site, were kept separate in storage and that was mixed together in the production of structural concrete.

WATER

Water is one among the composition of concrete, water helps in dehydration process and also provision good and strong bond of any structural consisting of cement and sand.

SAND

Sand as a naturally occurring granular material which is composed of freely divided rock and mineral particles are known to be formed by the weathering of rocks. The types of sand used are either

ü Pit sand

ü River sand or both

AGGREGATES

Aggregates were well cleaned and free from dust and they were of quality and nature required. The aggregate used were coarse aggregates of;

Ø 10mm max. size, graded, for all “fine” concrete

Ø 20mm max. size, graded, for all reinforced concrete in beams and for walls and slabs not greater than 400mm thick.

Ø 40mm max. size ,graded, for all reinforced concrete walls and slabs in excess of 400mm thick and mass concrete members

Figure 10: POURING OF CONCRETE

CONCRETE PRODUCTION:

Ø Concrete production is the process of mixing together the various ingredients—water, aggregate, cement, and any additives—to produce concrete. Concrete production is time-sensitive. Once the ingredients are mixed, workers must put the concrete in place before it hardens. In modern usage, most concrete production takes place in a large type of industrial facility called a concrete plant, or often a batch plant.

Ø In general usage, concrete plants come in two main types, ready mix plants and central mix plants. A ready mix plant mixes all the ingredients except water, while a central mix plant mixes all the ingredients including water. A central mix plant offers more accurate control of the concrete quality through better measurements of the amount of water added, but must be placed closer to the work site where the concrete will be used, since hydration begins at the plant.

Ø A concrete plant consists of large storage hoppers for various reactive ingredients like cement, storage for bulk ingredients like aggregate and water, mechanisms for the addition of various additives and amendments, machinery to accurately weigh, move, and mix some or all of those ingredients, and facilities to dispense the mixed concrete, often to a concrete mixer truck.

Ø Modern concrete is usually prepared as a viscous fluid, so that it may be poured into forms, which are containers erected in the field to give the concrete its desired shape. Concrete formwork can be prepared in several ways, such as Slip forming and Steel plate construction. Alternatively, concrete can be mixed into dryer, non-fluid forms and used in factory settings to manufacture Precast concrete products.

Ø A wide variety of equipment is used for processing concrete, from hand tools to heavy industrial machinery. Whichever equipment builders use, however, the objective is to produce the desired building material; ingredients must be properly mixed, placed, shaped, and retained within time constraints. Any interruption in pouring the concrete can cause the initially placed material to begin to set before the next batch is added on top. This creates a horizontal plane of weakness called a cold joint between the two batches, Once the mix is where it should be, the curing process must be controlled to ensure that the concrete attains the desired attributes. During concrete preparation, various technical details may affect the quality and nature of the product.

Ø When initially mixed, Portland cement and water rapidly form a gel of tangled chains of interlocking crystals, and components of the gel continue to react over time. Initially the gel is fluid, which improves workability and aids in placement of the material, but as the concrete sets, the chains of crystals join into a rigid structure, counteracting the fluidity of the gel and fixing the particles of aggregate in place. During curing, the cement continues to react with the residual water in a process of hydration. In properly formulated concrete, once this curing process has terminated the product has the desired physical and chemical properties. Among the qualities typically desired are mechanical strength, low moisture permeability, and chemical and volumetric stability.

BATCHING AND MIXING CONCRETE

Mixing concrete is simply defined as the "complete blending of the materials which are required for the production of a homogeneous concrete". This can vary from hand to machine mixing, with machine mixing being the most common.

However, no successful mixture can be achieved without the proper batching of all materials. Batching is the "process of weighing or volumetrically measuring and introducing into the mixer the ingredients for a batch of concrete". Quality assurance, suitable arrangement of materials and equipment, and correct weighing of the materials are the essential steps that must be completed before any mixing takes place.

The types and volume of materials, the mix design, and the end result (i.e. strength) are normally provided in the design specifications. The design specifications must be consulted before any batching or mixing takes place.

COMPONENTS OF MIXING

There are many components of mixing that need to be considered in order to ensure that a uniform concrete mixture can be achieved. Location, shape and angle of the mixing blades, shape of the mixing chamber, speed of rotation, and horsepower must all be taken into account. It is paramount that each batch is consistently mixed to design specifications so the concrete’s final strength is not compromised.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF MIXERS

There are essentially three classifications of mixers:

Ø the drum mixer,

Ø pan mixer, and

Ø Continuous mixer.

Each of these mixers can be further classified as batched or continuous, free-falling or forced movement, and stationary or portable.

MIXING TIME

Once the appropriate mixer has been chosen, it is necessary to determine the mixing time. This is the duration of time it takes to mix concrete, once the mixer is fully charged with all the materials. Charging is an important step because it gives the materials an opportunity to pre-blend. The type and condition of the mixer, speed of rotation, size of the charge, and nature of the materials all determine the correct mixing time. The mixing time is not
standard for each batch. For example, a drum mixer with a small diameter creates a greater velocity than a drum mixer with a large diameter, therefore, the mixing time would be decreased. However, if the goal is stiffer concrete, a longer mixing time is required.

Figure 11: CONCRETE PRODUCTION

MECHANICAL MIXING

This process was done by using tilting drum mixers.

Ø Sand, cement, aggregates and water was measured in volume then taken in the mixing machine, the drum rotated on an inclined axis during mixing process and on a titled axis for discharging. Three position were used , which were;

(a) Charging position, example loading cement, sand and aggregates.

(b) Mixing position

Ø At the batching plant slump test is carried out on each mix produced. The 4 cubes is casted then cured for seven days to obtain their strength then they are taken to the laboratory for strength test.

Ø The principal basis of control is comparison of the results of the compression cubes tests at 28 days. The cubes are compressed up to when they got cracks at the moment of failure the forced used value was read Compression test were carried out at 7 days and adjustment made in volume of the main control method outlined above. Cube test results were examined individually, then the average value of each cube was calculated, standard deviation and mean accepted only if strength of each set calculated.

Ø We used buckets and wheelbarrows as means of transportation of fresh concrete from one point to another, whereby we washed the buckets so as to make sure that the concrete is well carried and not contaminated with any dust

CURING:

Concrete must be kept moist during curing in order to achieve optimal strength and durability. During curing hydration occurs, allowing calcium-silicate hydrate to form

Ø Hydration and hardening of concrete during the first three days is critical. Abnormally fast drying and shrinkage due to factors such as evaporation from wind during placement may lead to increased tensile stresses at a time when it has not yet gained sufficient strength, resulting in greater shrinkage cracking. The early strength of the concrete can be increased if it is kept damp during the curing process. Minimizing stress prior to curing minimizes cracking. High-early-strength concrete is designed to hydrate faster, often by increased use of cement that increases shrinkage and cracking. The strength of concrete changes (increases) for up to three years. It depends on cross-section dimension of elements and conditions of structure exploitation. Addition of short-cut polymer fibers can improve (reduce) shrinkage-induced stresses during curing and increase early and ultimate compression strength.

Ø Properly curing concrete leads to increased strength and lower permeability and avoids cracking where the surface dries out prematurely. Care must also be taken to avoid freezing or overheating due to the exothermic setting of cement. Improper curing can cause scaling, reduced strength, poor abrasion resistance and cracking.

TECHNIQUE

During the curing period, concrete is ideally maintained at controlled temperature and humidity. To ensure full hydration during curing, concrete slabs are often sprayed with "curing compounds" that create a water-retaining film over the concrete. Typical films are made of wax or related hydrophobic compounds. After the concrete is sufficiently cured, the film is allowed to abrade from the concrete through normal use.

Traditional conditions for curing involve by spraying or ponding the concrete surface with water. The adjacent picture shows one of many ways to achieve this, ponding – submerging setting concrete in water and wrapping in plastic to prevent dehydration. Additional common curing methods include wet burlap and plastic sheeting covering the fresh concrete.

For higher-strength applications, accelerated curing techniques may be applied to the concrete. One common technique involves heating the poured concrete with steam, which serves to both keep it damp and raise the temperature, so that the hydration process proceeds more quickly and more thoroughly.

PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

GRADES OF CONCRETE

Concrete is known by its grade which is designated as M15, M20 etc. in which letter M refers to concrete mix and number 15, 20 denotes the specified compressive strength (f_ck) of 150mm cube at 28 days, expressed in N/mm².

Thus, concrete is known by its compressive strength. M20 and M25 are the most common grades of concrete, and higher grades of concrete should be used for severe, very severe and extreme environments.

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

Like load, the strength of the concrete is also a quality which varies considerably for the same concrete mix. Therefore, a single representative value, known as characteristic strength is used.

TENSILE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

The estimate of flexural tensile strength or the modulus of rupture or the cracking strength of concrete from cube compressive strength is obtained by the relations

fcr = 0.7 fck N/mm². The tensile strength of concrete in direct tension is obtained experimentally by split cylinder. It varies from 1/8 to 1/12 of cube compressive strength.

CREEP IN CONCRETE

Creep is defined as the plastic deformation under sustained load. Creep strain depends primarily on the duration of sustained loading. According to the code, the value of the ultimate creep coefficient is taken as 1.6 at 28 days of loading.

SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE

The property of diminishing in volume during the process of drying and hardening is termed Shrinkage. It depends mainly on the duration of exposure. If this strain is prevented, it produces tensile stress in the concrete and hence concrete develops cracks.

DURABILITY OF CONCRETE

Durability of concrete is its ability to resist its disintegration and decay. One of the chief characteristics influencing durability of concrete is its permeability to increase of water and other potentially deleterious materials.The desired low permeability in concrete is achieved by having adequate cement, sufficient low water/cement ratio, by ensuring full compaction of concrete and by adequate curing.

WORKABILITY OF CONCRETE

Ø Workability is the ability of a fresh (plastic) concrete mix to fill the form/mold properly with the desired work (vibration) and without reducing the concrete's quality. Workability depends on water content, aggregate (shape and size distribution), cementitious content and age (level of hydration) and can be modified by adding chemical admixtures, like super plasticizer. Raising the water content or adding chemical admixtures increases concrete workability. Excessive water leads to increased bleeding or segregation of aggregates (when the cement and aggregates start to separate), with the resulting concrete having reduced quality.

Ø The use of an aggregate blend with an undesirable gradation can result in a very harsh mix design with a very low slump, which cannot readily be made more workable by addition of reasonable amounts of water. An undesirable gradation can mean using a large aggregate that is too large for the size of the formwork, or which has too few smaller aggregate grades to serve to fill the gaps between the larger grades, or using too little or too much sand for the same reason, or using too little water, or too much cement, or even using jagged crushed stone instead of smoother round aggregate such as pebbles.

Ø Any combination of these factors and others may result in a mix which is too harsh, i.e., which does not flow or spread out smoothly, is difficult to get into the formwork, and which is difficult to surface finish

RECOMANDATION.

Ø The cement must be checked whether it was manufactured recently.

Ø The ratio should be controlled while mixing

Ø The workers should have safety gears for their health and safety.

Ø The pegs and marks exposed should be followed while leveling the concrete.

Ø The selection of the equipment should match the work to be done

Ø Concrete should be well compacted.

GENERAL CONCLUSION:

Practical training started 30 AUGUST 2018 and ended 04 SEPTEMBER 2018, those eight weeks were good and enjoyable. Special thanks to NEW AGE CONSTRUCTION COMPANY for caring, support, encouragement even using their funds to facilitate learning during the entire practical training period

Practical training is very important to students especially for quantity surveying students because to learn theory only is not enough to be competent to be a civil engineer.PT is also important because it makes the student to interact between engineers, technicians and other potential people helpful in their carrier. There were problems met at site that won’t be taught in class, so how they got solved students learn from it. There are people especially in site that sometime to interact with the