COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY (CoET)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
PROJECT
NAME : CONSTRUCTION OF PROPOSED COMMERCIAL AND
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
NAME OF STUDENT : MARK DAVID N
REG No : 2012-04-02267
COURSE : B.sc.in Civil Engineering.
COMPANY NAME : MASASI CONSTRUCTION CO.LTD
PLACE
:
KARIAKOO STREET
ACADEMIC SUPERVISOR : Dr. D. MULUNGU
PT
DURATION :
8 WEEKS (24 June 2013 to 16 August2013).
Contents
2. PREFACE
Practical Training (PT) is an essential
integral part of the four year B.Sc. (Eng) Degree course offered by the College
of Engineering and Technology of university of Dar Es Salaam. It is conducted after the second semester of
the first, second and third year of studying extending over the period of eight
weeks
The main objective of PT is to provide an opportunity for the
students to merge theory and practical of they have learned. PT offers training
valuable experience in a real life situation that cannot be stimulated in
lecture rooms, laboratories or College Workshops. In this way students beside
being productive, they can learn about the problems he/she may encounter in his
future carrier, learning of such carriers at early stage will enable him/her to
conduct an objective assessment of the courses being offered in his/her
undergraduate studies and choose his/her options sensibly.
Generally practical training makes and maintains the
foundation towards producing competent engineers who can tackle the real life
engineering problems. The achievement of this can be attained if and only if
the college will assign the students to conduct their practical to companies or
industries though which their profession will relay. Also making sure that they
will meet the instructors who will help them whenever a technical problem arise
and help them to develop their skills and knowledge that they have and be very
close to the students.
The report consists of two parts. The first part concerned
with the general report or summary, this is the review of the whole entire work
performed during my practical training period.
Second part concerned with the
weekly report; this consists of eight weekly reports written at the end of each
week. The weekly reports describe and comment on the main job performed during
the week.
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this
opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my guide Dr
MUTABAZI for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout
the course of this training. The blessing, help and guidance given by him time
to time shall carry me a long way in the journey of life on which I am about to
embark.
I also take this opportunity to
express a deep sense of gratitude to Company site engineer Mr. MOHAMED ABDUZAK
who was my training officer, client representative engineer Mr. MONGI and site
foreman Mr. BHAJAN, my academic supervisor Mr. D. MULUNGU and all workers and
labourers for their valuable information, guidance and general support, which
helped me in completing my practical training through various stages.
I am obliged to staff members of
MASASI CONSTRUCTION CO.LTD, for the valuable information provided by them in
their respective fields. I am grateful for their cooperation during the period
of my practical training.
Lastly, I thank almighty, my
parents, brother, sisters and friends for their constant encouragement and
support without which this engineering project would not be possible.
4. HISTORY OF THE COMPANY
The Masasi Construction Company Ltd was
incorporated as a limited liability Company in 1998 by the Registrar of
Companies (Cap. 212), Tanzania. In the same year 1981 the company was registered
by National Board of Architects, Quantity Surveyors and Building Contractor
CLASS FIVE. Due to good performance the building was progressively upgraded
reaching the apex that is CLASS ONE in 1992. In 1998 the company was registered
as CIVIL WORKS CONTRACTOR CLASS SEVEN.
The Company, since incorporation in 1981,
has executed successfully many projects in Dar es Salaam as well as up Country
Regions. The buildings constructed include Multi-storey Structures, some with
basement, factories, residential houses in singles or in estate form, office
blocks etc.
Masasi Construction Co. ltd is a centre on
owning the required and modern resources. The company has highly qualified and
experienced technical staff and sufficient plant and equipment for all types of
building and associated works. To facilitate execution and ease of management
the Company has set up semi-independent units to provide essential services.
These units are;
Ø
Stone
quarry at Mjimwema, Dar es Salaam capable of producing 2000 tons of aggregates
for concrete work etc. per month.
Ø
Mechanical
workshops for repair and servicing of the Company Plant and Equipment fleet.
Ø
Wood
workshop to provide all timber related articles to projects.
Ø
Concrete
Articles Manufacturing Yard including a line of producing for soil cement
blocks.
Ø
Concrete
batching plant 30 cubic meter per hour.
Ø
Concrete
pump which can pump running meter horizontally and 100 meter vertically.
Ø
3
concrete Transporting Trucks each 7 cubic meter.
These units are not for business, but only
provide support services in the company’s undertakings.
The company’s motto is to “complete all
the works entrusted to the company to the satisfaction of the clients”, a thing
announced to have been achieved by Masasi Construction Co. Ltd and till now
maintained.
5. LEGAL STATUS OF THE
COMPANY
NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE COMPANY
NAME : MASASI CONSTRUCTION CO. LTD
POSTAL ADDRESS : P.O. BOX 9580, DAR ES
SALAAM
TELEPHONE No : 2185401
MOBILE No : 0713326972/0787888890
FAX NO : 2182770
PHISICAL ADRESS AND PRINCIPAL PLACE OF
BUSINESS
PLOT NO.25, UHURU ST.
2ND BUILDING FROM
LUMUMBA ST., OPPOSITE WDC
BUILDING
MNAZI MMOJA, DAR ES SALAAM.
Supporting facilities:-
a. Wood
workshop- plot No. 170/71
Mbozi
road chang’ombe, dsm
Wood workshop to provide all timber related articles to projects
b. Mechanical
workshop- plot No. 3 pugu road opposite TAZARA railway station
Mechanical workshop for the
repair and servicing of the company plant and equipment fleet
c. Concrete
article yard- kijitonyama, new bagamoyo road
Concrete article manufacturing yard a line
of production for soil cement blocks
d. Stone
Quarry- Mjimwema
(2 NO crushes with conveyor belts)
Stone quarry at mjimwema, dar es salaam capable of producing 2000 tons
of aggregates for concrete work
etc. per month.
e. Special
brick factory – kijitonyama – new bagamoyo road.
5.1. REGISTRATION DETAILS WITH REGISTRAR
OF COMPANIES
Dar es Salaam Zanzibar
Registration No.:8341 registration
No.:244
Place of registration: Dar es Salaam Place
of registration: Zanzibar
Date of registration: 8/6/1981 date of Registration: 18/3/1994
DESCRIPTION AND LEGAL STATUS OF THE COMPANY
Building and civil engineering construction
Limited liability Company
Tanzanians hold 94.41% of the paid up shares
CURRENT BUSSINESS LICENCE
License : B-00937696
Place of issue : Dar es Salaam
5.2. REGISTRATION WITH CONTRACTORS REGISTRATION BOARD
Building works registration No.B1/0038/3/89
Place of registration : Dar es Salaam.
Date of registration : 1/1/1998
Class of registration : CLASS ONE
Civil works registration No.C3/0008/8/98
Place
of registration : Dar es Salaam
Date
of registration : 6/8/1998
Class
of registration : CLASS THREE
Electrical works registration No.E7/0269/5/05
Place
of registration : Dar es Salaam
Date
of registration : 12/05/2005
Class
of registration : CLASS SEVEN
REGISRATION WITH T.R.A
Value added Tax (VAT) VRN No. 10-003892-C
Value Added Tax (VAT) TIN No. 100-150-778
Chief accountant
|
Managing director
|
Logistics&material
manager
|
Accountants & assistants
|
Accounts clerks
|
Construction director
|
Chief engineer
|
Chief
Quantity surveyors
|
Operations
manager
|
Projects
managers
|
Quarry manager
|
Timber yard manager
|
Garage manager
|
Blocks production manager
|
Senior Qs
|
Site
managers
|
7. PROJECT SUMMARY REPORT
7.0. INTRODUCTION
The practical training coordinator at the college
of engineering and technology (CoET) located me to MASASI CONSTRUCTION CO. LTD
to carry out my practical training.
Activities described below were performed
in the company. The company had a lot of sites that enabled me to grasp the
required knowledge by learning different techniques used in different sites
such as CHAMANZI but I spent most of my time at the SIKUKUU AND AMANI SITE as
my main site. At SKUKUU AND AMANI SITE the building was 8 storeys building
proposed for commercial and residential purposes with the dimensions of
(17400mm*17000mm) constructed near the fire bus station.
PROJECT: PROPOSED COMMERCE AND RESIDENTIAL
BUILDING ON PLOT NO 40 BLOCK ‘63’ SIKUKUU/AMANI STREET KARIAKOO, ILALA
MUNICIPALITY DAR ES SALAAM.
CLIENT: PETA HOLDING (T) LTD
BUILDING PERMIT: NO 2188
ARCHITECT: EMPEROR TREASURER CO. (T) LTD
SRUCTURAL
ENGINEERS: LUFTAN
CONSULTS LTD
QUANTITY
SURVEYORS: STANDARD
QUANTA CONSULTS
CONTRACTOR:
MASASI CONSTRUCTION CO. LTD
7.1. DESCRIPTION OF WORK
The
site works performed where leveling, setting out, walling, plastering, formwork
and shuttering, steel reinforcement, concrete mixing and its casting, and
curing.
·
Concreting;
At each stage the concrete was prepared, casting was done to
stairs, columns, beams or slab and the cubes were made to be tested in
laboratory if the concrete has reached the required specifications of C25 for
stairs and C30 for slab beams and columns.
·
Steel
fixing(reinforcement);
Steel bars were cut, bent, and they were fixed to the required
position as shown in the detailed drawings. This was done for slab, beams, Columns,
and Stairs. High tensile steel bars of diameters 12, 16 and 20mm were used.
With those of 8mm and 10mm used as stirrups.
·
Leveling
and aligning;
Leveling was done during stair and slab setting out, to ensure
that slab is at its exact position so as to transfer the load to the beams and columns.
·
Formwork/shuttering;
Formwork was made to create moulds for concrete work for
columns, slabs and stairs; this was to done purposefully and deliberately to
hold and control the shape of the formed structure and to support the workers
and the load they carry.
·
Wall
construction;
The wall are used for
protecting the occupant and their properties also as a partitions, some time
especially external wall can be used to transfer loads(load bearing wall).
Different
materials were used in the construction process. The materials include; Cement,
Coarse and fine aggregates, Steel bars, and Woods (Timber & marine boards)
nails, . Due to its effects depending on the type used, water is described as a
building material in this report. The strength of the concrete used in
construction of various elements on the construction is also described
(specified).
AGGREGATES
Both Coarse and fine aggregates were locally collected from
different parts within the Coast region. Fine aggregates were collected from
Mukulanga at Pwaniregion. The coarse aggregates were collected from Logoba at
Pwaniregion. The aggregates used were free from impurities (organic matter). If
there were impurities, the strength of the elements (columns, slabs or beams)
formed could below.
The coarse aggregates used in construction of different
structures of the project were of different sizes. For example those of 20mm
were used in beams and slabs.
CEMENT
It was Ordinary Lucky cement. The
Cement was manufactured in Pakistan.
WOODS
The woods used were of two types; Cyprus woods (timber) and
Marine board. The Cyprus woods were collected from Iringa region and the marine
board was imported from Bombay (India). The woods were used for shuttering and
supporting the safety nets. The woods used for shuttering were supposed to be
free from knots, splits and other shakes. The newly used woods had the above
mentioned qualities; had neither splits nor knots. The recycled or reused woods
had several splits and knots. The shakes led to the formation of knots on the
surfaces of the finished elements (beams, slabs and columns). These have
adverse effects to the distribution or transfer of the load to the ground.
Knots led to the concentration of the forces (load) at only one point leading
to the failure of the structures subsequently the collapse of the building.
Thus knots should be observed and avoided during any construction process.
STEEL BARS
Steel
used was from turkey
WATER
water used in construction at site was the
water supplied by the Dar es Salaam Water Supply Company (DAWASCO).T he use of
this water had the purpose of avoiding salt water which is commonly underground
water.
CONCRETE
The concrete used in construction of different structures of
the construction had different mixing ratio (grades). For slab beams and columns,
it was at the ratio of 1:1:4 (C30) and for stair it was 1:1.5:3 which is C25
CONCRETE COVER TO REINFORCEMENTS
The concrete cover to the reinforcements differed depending on
the structure and its load is to transfer to the ground. When shuttering, the
concrete cover was given by the thickness of the spacer blocks.
7.3. PROJECT LOCATION
The
project was located at SKUKUU/AMANI JUNCTION near fire bus station
7.4. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
ARRIVAL
TIME
When
I arrived at site the main work was concrete casting to slab of the fourth
floor for which the formwork making and shuttering for slab for the fourth
floor were going on, and the steel
fixing was done for the fourth floor before concrete casting was done
After
casting of concrete then there was setting out of kicker setting out and steel
reinforcement for columns in fourth floor and the construction of partition
wall and external wall in mezzanine floor was continuing at the same time, then
after that steel bar fixing for slab was done per specification in fourth floor
including laying out conduits for electrical wiring; Then the concrete work was
done per specification of structural engineer (grade 25) ratio 1:1.5:3 and all
tests were done as required (slump test and crushing of concrete cubes).
LEAVING
TIME
At
the time of leaving the main work was construction of columns on the 5th
floor
7.5. FINANCIAL COMMITIMENT AND TIME TARGET
7.5.1. BENEFIT OF THE PROJECT
- The project aimed at providing
accessibility and comfortable the owners, the people around will benefit
from it by hiring.
- As it were proposed for commerce, the
people around will be facilitated to fulfill their basic needs.
- The buildings are being constructed
under the rule of city planning; therefore they are the parts of it.
7.5. 2. COSTS OF THE PROJECTS
The
project cost was estimated to be 1.8 billion.
7.5.3. DURATION OF THE PROJECTS.
The project started in November 2012 and
it has to be completed in one year time, this means the engineering project has
to be completed on November 2013
7.6. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
The
following are the difficulties I faced during my practical training.
1.
Safety precautions were not observed at time of
training; Also there is no protecting gears for example elements, mask,
overcoat and boots so people are just working manually which are very dangerous
to the workers:
ü
Cement were held with bare hands,
ü
Binding wires were bent with bare hands,
ü
Machine should be regularly checked for
maintenance to avoid accidents
2.
Little attention by the training officers.
Always we were asking activity to do, if we could remain silence we could have
done nothing and they were comfortable with it;
3.
Some of the equipments for measuring and
testing had defects;
4.
Technology used during construction was low,
small concrete mixer was used, man power, (labour intensive productivity) was
the man source of labour.
5.
Poor management both to client and contractor
due to lack of educated person so this led to delay of the project and
unexpected loses for example there is no working schedules for the activities
they just working manually.
6.
Most of the staff members were not ready to co
operate with the trainees once they face technical problems, which cause the
trainees to have difficulties on finding the solutions.
7.
The trainees were not well supported in terms of
information about the company and the project as concerned.
7.7. RECOMMENDATIONS
I.
Because government emphasis on the life of its
people, the extent to which the company provide safety must be the condition to
win the tender, and there should be the law to emphasis that. That’s
Construction industries should build the habits of using safety gears; apron,
boot, gloves for health of the workers.
II.
Training officers should treat student with
attention, similar to other workers of the firm and command where possible as
the PT regulation requires.
III.
The results of testing are used in design,
leveling for example should be done with complete set of precious equipments
(stuff with bubble for example).
IV.
Industries should place students in accordance
to their level of education, or enough supervision should be provided to the
student.
V.
The production should be technologically
intensive; equipment should match the work to be done.
VI.
At the site, there as to be a permanent store
with a guard (storekeeper) to make sure all of the equipment and construction
materials are kept safe and in case of anything missing or required which is
not available, immediately he/she should report to the one in charge.
VII.
Health and safety are very important for workers
especially Labour which in most cases are affected directly by this problems.
VIII.
No any kind of harm is to be promoted during
construction work; therefore all workers are required to make the use of safety
gears to be safe against any accident or danger which might occur.
IX.
Site engineer finally is required to be visiting
the site as many times as possible. There some technical or problem which may
require his presence to solve.
X.
I would like to recommend to the university of
Dar Es salaam to continue assisting students in obtain the right place for
doing their practical training which are based on their field of their
specialization.
7.8. CONCLUSION (Skills gained)
In the
eight weeks of my Practical Training program, I have learnt (skilled in)
various construction activities (processes). The activities include; Leveling,
concreting activities, Steel works such as preparation of reinforcement bars for
columns, slab, beams and ring bars, Carpentry works such as shuttering
activities and masonry work. Therefore, after the eight weeks of the PT, I’m
able to carry out good number of such activities mentioned above successfully.
I really enjoyed and appreciate their concern to me and other Practical
Training or workers from other company who were advising me different skills.
Proposed commerce and residential building/Temeke site
7.
WEEKLY
REPORTS
7.0.
WEEKKLY REPORT NO 1: FROM 25 TO 29/06/2012
FORMWORKMAKING
1.
INTRODUCTION:
Formwork for concrete work is described as a mould or box
into which wet concrete can be poured, compacted and vibrated so that it will
flow and finally set to the inner profile of the box or mould. The Ring beam
formwork has the dimensions, height 300mm, thickness 230mm and the slab
formwork height 150 mm, all the dimensions was given on the drawing plan.
2.
OBJECTIVE:
Formwork is used as a temporary support structure to hold
the wet concrete till is hardened, it is
also used to contain or retain concrete in a specific shape and size until the
concrete has develop sufficient strength to stay in position without support .
3.
MATERIAL
USED:
o
Marine board(4”*8”*18mm)
o
Timber (2”*4” and 2”*2”).
o
Nails (3”, 4” and 2.5”).
o
Props (mirunda trees and metals).
o
Scaffolding
4.
TOOLS AND
MACHINE USED:
§
Hand saw.
§
Tape measure.
§
Rope for lining.
§
Circular saw machine
§
Spirit level for lining.
§
Claw hammer.
5.
SOURCE
AND ORGIN OF MATERIALS:
The soft wood (Mirunda) and Timber were taken direct from
Iringaand marine board was taken from Bombay (India)
6.
PROCEDURES:
Ø
The all materials were prepared, timbers were
planed to the required size (2”*2” and 2”*4”) and the props were cut on site to
the required size given on the drawing plan.
Ø
The soffits of the beams were constructed first
followed by the side of the beams internally and the slabs soffits were
constructed per the drawing.
Ø
The props were placed together with scaffolding,
150mm to 200mm apart so as to sustain the loads of slabs and beams.
Ø
Lastly the external side were placed per the
drawing and supported per specification as shown to the drawings.
7.
SKILLS
AND MANPOWER:
§
Engineer,
§
Site foreman,
§
PT students,
§
Unskilled and Skilled labour,
§
Carpenters,
8.
SAFETY
PRECATIONS
The worker and all peoples around the site were not given
safety gear to ensure that they are safe.Our construction site is an extremely
busy work environment so care was taken to avoid run over by operating
equipment and materials.
9.
INFLUENCE
OF ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS
During construction of formwork the weather conditions
were normal which allow the carpenters and the manpower to work at the maximum
required time.
10.
TIME
REQUIRED
We use marine board and timber which were measured
carefully with their respecting sizes, we finish the work at required time.
11.
CONCLUSIONS
The work was done well per specification and completed as
required as an engineering work it was constructed with, Quality, safety,
economic and within the time.
THE PICTURES BELLOW SHOWS
THE TOP AND THE BOTTOM OF THE FORMWORK.
1. BOTTOM OF THE FORMWORK
7.1.
WEEKLY
REPORT NO 2: FROM 02 TO 06/ 07/2012
STAIRS CONSTRUCTION
1.
INTRODUCTION:
Stair is a sequence of steps which is provided to afford the means of
ascent and descent between the floor or landings. Stairs are structure in the building that enables movements of good or
people fromone floor to the other. Stair always consist a series of flight and
landing.
2. OBJECTIVES:
The following are the function
of staircase:
Ø
Provide a mean of circulation between floor
levels
Ø
Establish a safe means of travel between floor
levels
Ø
Provide an easy means of conveying fitting and
furniture between floor level
The main objective of construction
of stair is to afford the means of ascent and descent between floors or
landing.
3.
MATERIAL
USED:
·
Cement
·
Sand
·
Aggregates
·
Timber1”*8”,1”*6”,2”*4”
and 2”*3”
·
nail
·
Marine board
·
Trees/mirunda
·
High yield reinforcement steel 12mm and 10mm
·
Water
·
Binding wires
4. SOURCE OF MATERIAL
Cement was lucky cement from Pakistan, sand from
mukulanga (pwani), aggregates was from Logoba, the soft wood (Mirunda) and
Timber were taken direct from Iringa and marine board was taken from Bombay (India)
5. TOOLS AND MACHINE USED.
v
Concrete mixer machine: Used for mixing
aggregates, sand and cement with water to have the well mixed ratio of
concrete.
v
Vibrator machine: used for compaction during
casting.
v
Wove/blower: used for cleaning the surfaces of steel
bars.
v
Grinding machine: For cutting the steel bars.
v
Circular saw machine: Used for cutting marine
board.
v
Hand saw: used for cutting timber and
trees/mirunda.
v
Hammer: For fixing the nails
v
Pincer: used for tighten the steel bars by
holding the binding wires and cutting of the extended pieces of binding wires.
v
Tape: used not only to measure steels during
cutting and bendingbut also to measure timber, trees and marine board during
cutting and fixing.
v
Trowel: used to plan the top surface of the
going.
v
Water tank: used to stock the water near the
concrete mixer machine.
v
Spirit level for leveling timber formwork
v
Spicer for cutting binding wire and tighten the
steel bar
v
Claw bar for removing the formwork after casting
concrete.
v
Spade: used for spreading the mixed concrete and
filling
of aggregates and sand to the bucket for measuring ratio.
v
Bucket:
6. SKILLS AND MANPOWER:
Ø
Site engineer
Ø
Site foreman
Ø
Carpenters
Ø
Skilled and unskilled labour
Ø
PT students
7. PROCEDURES:
·
Reading the dimensions given on the drawing plan
of the building.
·
Cleaning of the stair case.
·
The materials, timber marine board and mirunda
trees were measured by considering the dimension given on drawing plan of
building.
v
These materials are arranged and fixed in the
stair case in order to make formwork
then the bottom of the stair were prepared where by 1”*6”,1”*8” were used on
top of 2”*4” which were placed 20cm a parts, these was include bottom of the
landing. After that the side of
stair (300mm) were placed including the landing side (150mm) but the side of
stair was include waist of stair (150mm).
·
The high
yield reinforcement steel were measured and cut to the dimension which is given
on drawing plan; this process was done using the tape measure for measuring and
grinding machine for cutting.
·
The high yield steel bars were superposed to
each other and tightened with pincer by holding the binding wires.
·
After steel fixing then the steps of stair was
fixed by ensuring the tread of 300mm and the riser of 150mm.
·
Removal of the impurities in the formwork using
wove/blower machine before casting to prevent the concrete harm full.
·
The materials measurement using the ratio of1:1.5:3 (grade 25)cement , sand and
aggregates respectively.
·
The materials were transported to the mixer
machine by using bucket.
·
The mixing was done by filling aggregates,
water, sand and cement respectively in the concrete mixer machine to make good
mixture of required quality.
·
Stair casting, was done using bucket for taking
mixture from the mixer machine to the stair form work and then the vibrator
machine was used to ensure that the mixture is well compacted for preventing
pores in concrete after shrinkage.
·
The equipment used were cleaned and taken to the
store for the future use.
·
In order to maintain the safety of concrete in
preventing cracks and the curing period will be conducted for 7 days.
8. TIME REQUIRED:
We use marine board and timber which were measured carefully with their
respecting sizes, we finish the work at required time.
9. INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT CONDITION:
During the construction, the weather conditions were normal which allow
and favorite the manpower to work at maximum required time.
10.
SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS:
Since we were using many types of equipment, some of them
can cause injuries, so care was taken when assembling, cutting, casting and
mixing so as to avoid harm and hazard.
11. CONCLUSION:
During the work some
measurement were changed because of the space and quality of intended action;
the work was done also manually because of lack of equipment for instance
dumper for taking the mixed concrete from the mixer machine to the stairs; then
this was done using bucket.
The intended purpose was achieved timely and efficiently in
spite of manual work.
THESE ARE PICTURES TAKEN AT THE SITE SHOWING STAIR
CONSTRUCTION STEPS:
1.
SRTAR REINFORCEMENT
2.
STAIR
FORM WORK
3.
STAIRS AFTER REMOVAL OF FORMWORK IN SIDES
7.2.
WEEKLY
REPORT NO 3: FROM 09 TO 14/07/2012.
COLUMNS CONSTRUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION:
A column is the
vertical member carrying the beam and floor loadings to the foundation and is a
compression member. The columns are made with reinforced concrete; also columns
are used to determine the exact position of walls, stairs, and corridors and so
on. Since concrete is strong in compression it may be concluded that provided
compressive strength of the concrete is not exceeded no reinforcement would be
required. For this condition to be true the following conditions must exist:
ü
loading must be axial
ü
small ratio between height and diameter of the
beam
ü
the large cross section area
These conditions rarely occur in framed buildings,
consequently bending is included and the need for reinforcement to provide
tensile strength is apparent.
On the site we made 24 columns of
rectangular form which have the dimension of 460mm in length, 230mm in width
and 2700mm in height.
2. MATERIALS USED:
§
Cement
§
Sand
§
Aggregates
§
Water
§
Marine board
§
Timber
§
Steel bars
§
Nails
§
Props (mirunda trees)
§
Binding wires
§
Oil
3.
SOURCE
OF MATERIAL
Cement was lucky cement from Pakistan, sand from
mukulanga, aggregates was from Logoba, the soft wood (Mirunda) and Timber were
taken direct from Iringa and marine board was taken from Bombay (India).
4. SKILLS AND MAN POWER
On the site there was:
·
site foreman
·
site engineer
·
PT students
·
Carpenter
·
Skilled and unskilled labours.
5. PROCEDURES
·
Setting out columns was firstly done since the
construction of slab by means of dump level, where by starter bars for columns
were erected on the required position. Then the construction of slab basement
followed.
·
We then start by fixing the steel bars for
columns to the height of second floor level. We used steel bars of dimension
Y16 and for stirrup was Y8. The cutting, bending and fixing of steel bars were
done as per bending schedule.
·
Fixing of spacer blocks was the next step; this
was done purposely to give a maximum cover for the concrete.
·
Since we received the formworks i.e. timber
formworks, which has already being prepared on the required positions. Timber
and nails were used on tighten the timber formwork. Tighten process was done
purposely to prevent grout leakage.
·
Plumb bob and measuring tape was then used to
ensure that the column formwork stand vertically without lean on other sides.
·
Finally casting of concrete on the column
formwork was done, concrete of grade 25 in ratio of 1:11/2:3 were
used. Casting was done in one operation with the use of mechanical vibrator
(pocker) to ensure maximum compaction.
6. INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
During construction of columns, the weather conditions were condensate,
which allow the labour to work at the maximum required time.
7. TIME REQUIRED
Column construction, fixing and casting were done at the
required time.
8. SAFETY PRECAUTION
QUALITY: care was observed during construction and erection
so that the required size, position and finish of concrete are obtained.
9. SAFETY:
They were constructed strong enough to take pressure or
weight of the fresh concrete and any other load without distortion, leakage
failure or danger to humans.
In addition helmets, gloves were strictly advised to be worn
throughout the time of column construction. This was done purposely to protect
the labour.
10. CONCLUSION:
Column reinforcements shouldbe anchored horizontally to thebeams
with enough anchoragelength.
The work was done well per
specification and completed as required as an engineering work it was
constructed with, Quality, safety, economic and within the time.
THESE PICTURES SHOW THE COLUMN CONSTRACTION IN PROCESS.
1.
COLUMNS REINFORCEMENT
7.3.
WEEKLY
REPORT NO 4: FROM 16 TO 21 /07/2012
REINFORCEMENT
1.
INTRODUCTION:
The steel bar for the columns and beams were fabricated
as per drawings (bar bending schedule) whereby main bar was 20mm diameter and
for the links was 8mm.
Columns these are the vertical member which transfer the
loads from slabs and beams to the foundations and being distributed to the
soil. Also beams take load from slabs and direct it to columns
2.
MATERIAL
USED
Steel bars of different diameter as shown on drawings and
Bindingwires was from SouthAfrica.
3.
TOOLS
USED
Hacksaws
Pincer
Bending bars
Chalks for marking
Measuring tape
Special for bending links according to drawings
Grinding machine
4.
PROCEDURES
All steel bars were prepared and being arranged as
required by cutting it in required height according to the bar bending
schedules.
The main bars and links were bends per bar bending
schedule.
Then after cutting the steel bars both main bars and
links were righted together by binding wire per specifications.
The process was repeated until the work was completed.
5.
SKILLS
AND MANPOWER
v
engineer
v
Students from university of Dar es salaam
v
Unskilled labour
v
Site Foreman
6. TIME REQUIRED:
The work was done at required time.
7.
SAFETY
PRECATIONS
The worker and all peoples around
the site were not given safety gear to ensure that they are safety.
Some of welfare facilities were
there like cleans water for drinking and foods.
8. INFLUENCE
OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS:
During steel fixing, the weather conditions
were condensate, which allow the labour to work at the maximum required time.
9.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Before cutting the steels bar first your advice to check
the actual dimension of the constructed building and compare it with the bar
bending schedule
10.
CONCLUSIONS
The fabrication of steel bars were done well and
completed per specifications.
PICTURES BOLLOW SHOW THE REINFORCED STEEL BARS IN RING
BEAM AND BOTTOM OF THE SLAB.
PICTURE SHOW THE TOP REINFORCEMENT
7.4 WEEKLY REPORT NO 5: FROM 23 TO 28 07/2012.
WALL CONSTRUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION:
Clay brick masonry building is the most likely used type of structural
system on
Housing in many countries. More houses are built using this system.
Building a house without following the National Standards of Earthquake design,
the Masonry design standard and this Masonry Construction guide could produce
damage on the house. For our site the bond used where stretcher bond.
2.
OBJECTIVES:
The
wall are used for protecting the occupant and their properties also as a
partitions, some time especially external wall can be used to transfer
loads(load bearing wall)
3. SKILLS AND MANPOWER USED:
·
PT
Students
·
Engineer
·
Site foreman
·
skilled labour
·
Unskilled labour
4.
MATERIALS USED:
·
Cement
·
Sand
·
Water
·
Masonry units
5. SOURCE OF MATERIAL
Cement was lucky cement from Pakistan, sand from
Mukulanga and masonry units (blocks cement) which was from Mbagala.
6. TOOLS AND MACHINE USED:
Air or bubble level: Used to determinethe level differencebetween
two or morenear points.
Brick layer’s trowel: A metallic or wood plate or palette used to
spread mortar forbrick layering orcovering (finishing).
Cord: Thick thread used to level bricks between
layers.
Lead Weight: Used to determininga vertical alignment.It
is composed by acylindrical formweight made of lead,which is suspendedby a
thread crossingits center.
Scaffold: Metallic or woodstructure that permitto work
in a heightplace.
Square or Angle: Can be metallic orwooden assembledin a cross
of 90º andmaintain its positionby anotherdiagonally strips.
7. PROCEDURES:
·
Preparing the ground: Ground should be clean, without rubbish
neither organic material nor any odd element to the ground.
·
Drawing the structure on the ground: Ropes (cord) are tightened, using trestles
made by wood poles nailed to a transversal stick and embedded to the ground.
Trestles are placed at external part of build. Check the angle of 900at
the corners making triangle of 3-4-5 length sides.
·
Preparation of the bricks: Bricks should be wet before layer them so
they don’t absorb water from mortar and obtaining a good adherence
mortar-brick.
·
Preparation of the mortar: To make the mortar, the mix will have thick
sand - cement ratio of 5:1. Sand and cement should be mixed dry. Next this dry
mix was mixed with water using spade.
·
The construction process:
Ø
The lining of blocks was maintained by using
ropes which was tight to the first blocks and the last one and these was done
to the all course
Ø
The verticality was insured by using plumb bob
to each laid blocks to insure that the whole wall are vertical.
Ø
The all process was repeated to all part of the
building to insure that the work is completed as per drawings.
8.
TIME REQUIRED:
The work was completely done at the required
time.
9.
INFRUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT CONDITION:
During the construction, the weather conditions were normal which allow
and favorite the manpower to work at maximum required time.
10. SAFETY PRECAUTION:
Helmets and reflectors (vest) were strictly advised to be
worn throughout the time of construction. This was done purposely to protect
the labour.
11. CONCLUSION:
v
For the
case of the wall the following must be insured so as to obtain neatness of
works;
i.
Lining: These was done by using rope(manila) so as to obtain the well
arrangement of the wall
ii.
Verticality: these also was done by using plumb bob
iii.
It is very important to
keep the mortar workable, so the proportion of mixture must remain identically
during the whole process.
HERE ARE SOME TOOLS USED IN
WALL CONSTRUCTION.
Fig a: trowel Fig b: lead weight Fig c: air or bubble levelFig
d: spade
Figb: Wall showing
the window and joint
7.4.
WEEKLY
REPORT NO 6: FROM 30 TO 04/ 08/ 2012.
CONCRETE WORK
1.
INTRODUCTION:
Concrete
is a composite construction
material composed primarily of aggregate, cement
and water. There are many formulations that have
varied properties. The aggregate is generally coarse gravel or crushed rocks
such as limestone, or granite,
along with a fine aggregate such as sand.
The cement, commonly Portland cement,
and other cementations materials such as fly ash
and slag cement, serve as a binder
for the aggregate. Water is then mixed with this dry composite which enables it
to be shaped (typically poured) and then solidified and hardened into rock-hard
strength.
2.
OBJECTIVE:
Concrete is widely used for making architectural structures, foundations, brick/block walls, pavements,
bridges/overpasses,
motorways/roads, runways, parking structures, dams,
pools/reservoirs, pipes, footings for gates, fences
and poles and even boats.
3.
SKILLS
AND MANPOWER:
·
Engineer
·
Site foreman
·
PT Student
·
Unskilled Labour
4. TIME REQUIRED:
The work was done at
required time
5. MATERIAL USED:
- Cement
- Sand
- Aggregates
- water
6. SOURCE OF MATERIAL
Cement was lucky cement from Pakistan,
sand from mbagala and aggregates from Logoba
7.
TOOLS
AND MACHINE:
o
Concrete mixer machine
o
Spade
o
Water tank
o
Bucket.
o
Vibrator machine
8.
PROCEDURES:
ü
The
material were prepared as required including fine aggregate (pass 4mm sieve),
course aggregate (retained 4mm sieve) but was 1.5” and bags of cement.
ü
Then
the concrete mix machine was switched on and their speed was moderate then the
fine aggregate, course aggregate and cement were batched by volume (nominal
mix) then optimum water was applied to the drum of concrete mixer and the mixer
was left (around 3-4 minutes) to obtain the required mixer.
NOTE:
The concrete ratio depends on the usage for example:
ü
1:3:6
(grade 15) mass concrete for over site concrete.
ü
1:2:4
(grade 20) reinforced concrete
ü
1:11/2:3
(grade 25) reinforcedconcrete. These ratio was used for our site for column and
suspend slabs (reinforced slabs)
7.1 CASTING OF CONCRETE
Ø
Before
casting the slum test was done and the concrete cubes was taken for testing but
also formwork was oiled to avoid striking of concrete for which would cause
difficulties in removing, then casting was done and correctly maintained
distance to avoid segregation
7.2 TECHNICAL
PROBLEMS
Ø
Various
problems arise some being technical and other due to administration and work
organization for example:
ü
No
enough equipment, breaking down of mixer which causes delay of the work.
ü
Also in
some case the formwork are not firm to hold the power of vibrator there the
compaction was not sufficient.
i.
INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS:
During concrete work, the weather
conditions were condensate, which allow the labourto work at the maximum
required time.
9.
SAFETY PRECAUTION
The
worker and all peoples around the site were not given safety gear to ensure
that they are safety.Some of welfare facilities were there like cleans water
for drinking and foods.
10. RECOMMENDATION
Ø
In
concrete work the following should be observed to obtain strong and long
lasting structures:
I.
Proper
batching
II.
The
speed of drum must be more than 20rev/min and not less than 14rev/min.
III.
Also
the contractors should ensure that qualified structural technicians for
supervision.
10. CONCLUSION:
The formwork must be left during at least a minimum
time to get the initial hardening of the placed concrete. The work was done and completed per
specification
A good vibration process must be produced to avoid
voids in the concrete. Vibrators or steel bars could be used for vibration. If
voids or irregularities are appeared in the concrete the resistance in the
concrete will decrease.
THIS
PICTURE IS THE CONCRETE MIXER MACHINE USED IN MIXING SAND, AGGREGATES, CEMENT
AND WATER.
Fig: vibrator machine.
Fig: water tank
7.6.
WEEKLY
REPORT NO 7:FROM 07 TO 11/08/2012.
FORM WORK MAKING FOR RING BEAM
1. INTRODUCTION
Formwork is the term given to either temporary or permanent mould in to
which the concrete or similar materials are poured. In the context of concrete
construction the false work support the shuttering moulds.
2. MATERIAL
USED
v
Marineboard
as the side of beam formwork.
v
Timber
(1”*6”, 1”*8”, 1”*10” and 2”*4”).
v
Nail
(3”, 4” and 2.5”).
3. TOOLS
USED
v
Hand
saw.
v
Tape
measure.
v
Rope
for lining.
v
Spirit
level for lining.
v
Claw
hammer.
4. SOURCE
OF MATERIAL
The soft wood (Mirunda) and
Timber were taken direct from Iringa and marine board was taken from Bombay (India).
5. SOURCE
OF MATERIAL
v
The
material was taken direct from Iringa (soft wood) and being transferred by the
big track up to site. Also marine board and nail was taken from Bombay (India)
located in Arusha.
TIME REQUIRED:
The work was
completely done at the required time.
6. PROCEDURES
7.
Reading
of the required dimensions on the drawing
8.
Cutting
timber, props and marine board by the use of hand saw on the required
dimension. The all materials
were prepared, as the timbers were planed to the required size (1”*6”, 1”*8”,
1”*10” and 2”*4”).
9.
Arranging
them on the different parts of foundation wall where by the reference levels
were taken.
10.
Leveling
by dumpy level to ensure that they were at the same level
11.
Fixing
marine board, timber and props at their required parts;the internal and external side were placed
per the drawing and supported per specification as shown to the drawings.
12.
Maintaining
the required dimensions by the use of rope
on beam and slab
13.
Position
joist clamping connector on top of the cross beam, press it against side
formwork and tighten wing nut by means of a hammer.
14. SKILLS
AND MANPOWER:
Engineer
Site foreman
PT Students
Carpenters
Skilled and
unskilled labour
15. SAFETY
PRECATIONS
v
The
worker and all peoples around the site were not given safety gear to ensure
that they are safety.
v
Some of
welfare facilities were there like cleans water for drinking and foods.
INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION:
The atmosphere condition was sunny and too windy blowing
since it dry in Dar es Salaam months.
16. CONCLUSIONS
The work was done
well per specification and completed as required.
THESE
PICTURES BELLO SHOW THE FORMWORK FOR RINGBEAM BEFORE AND AFTER CASTING CONRETE.
Fig a: formwork before casting
Fig
b: formwork after casting
7.7.
WEEKLY
REPORT NO 8: FROM 13 TO 17 /08/ 2012
OVERSITE CONCRETE WORK.
1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the hardened building material created by combining a
chemically inert aggregate (fine and coarse aggregate),a binder (cement) and
water in controlled proportions and of suitable quality.
Cement:
powder produced from clay and chalk or limestone. In general most concrete is
made up with ordinary or rapid hardening cement and it is act as a binder.
Aggregate:
shape, surface texture and grading (distribution of particle size) are factor
which influence the workability and strength of a concrete mix. Fine aggregate
are generally regarded as those materials which pass through 4mm sieve whereas
course aggregate are retained on a 4mm sieve
Water
must be clean and free from impurities which are likely to affect the quality
or strength of the resultant concrete.
Basic
requirement of concrete are:
I.
Appropriate
workability
I.
Optimum
compactability
II.
Sufficient
cohesiveness
2.
OBJECTIVE:
Concrete is widely used for making architectural structures, foundations, brick/block walls, pavements,
bridges/overpasses,
motorways/roads, runways, parking structures, dams, pools/reservoirs, pipes, footings for gates, fences and poles
and even boats.
3.
SKILLS
AND MANPOWER USED.
During over site concrete work there was Engineer, site foreman, Students,
Skilled and unskilled labour.
At the beginning there was calculation of materials which is needed
during all work from the beginning to the end in order to do the work
economically by saving time.
There was volume of where the concrete must be casted which was
calculated before; that volume was 15.029m3.
The formula used was:
No of bags of cement= (D×V)÷(50×SUM
OF RATIO)
D: Density of cement which is 1500kg/m3.
V: volume of where to be casted.
Ratio: 1:3:6; sum is 1+3+6=7.
Sum was multiplied by 50 because one bag of cement contain50kg.
Then no of bag of cement was (1500×15.029) ÷ (50×7)
= 64.41bags; Approximately 65 bags of cement.
The volume of aggregates was calculated by taking the total volume
multiply by 0.85.
Then volume of aggregates=15.029m3×0.85
=12.77m3 approximately 13m3
The volume of sand was calculated by taking volume of aggregate divide by
two.
Then
the volume of sand was 13m3÷2=6.5m3 approximately 7m3.
3.
MATERIAL USED
v
Fine
aggregate(Sand)
v
Course
aggregate
v
Cement
v
Water
4. TOOLS USED
v
Concrete
mixer,
v
spade,
v
Buckets.
5. SOURCE OF MATERIALS
Cement was lucky cement from Pakistan, sand from
Mukulanga and course aggregates was from Logoba.
4. PROCEDURES
v
The
material were prepared as required including fine aggregate (pass 4mm sieve),
course aggregate (retained 4mm sieve) but was 1.5” and bags of cement.
v
Then
the concrete mix machine was switched on and their speed was moderate then the
fine aggregate, course aggregate and cement were batched by volume (nominal
mix) then optimum water was applied to the drum of concrete mixer and the mixer
was left (around 3-4 minutes) to obtain the required mixer.
NOTE
The concrete ratio used was 1:3:6 (grade 15) mass concrete for over site
concrete.
7. CASTING OF CONCRETE
Ø
Before
casting the slum test was done and the concrete cubes was taken for testing but
also formwork was oiled to avoid striking of concrete for which would cause
difficulties in removing, then casting was done and correctly maintained
distance to avoid segregation
8.
TECHNICAL PROBLEMS
Ø
Various
problems arise some being technical and other due to administration and work
organization for example
No
enough equipment, breaking down of mixer which causes delay of the work.
Also in
some case the form work are not firm to hold the power of vibrator there the
compaction was not sufficient.
9. ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
During the construction, the weather conditions were normal which allow
and favorite the manpower to work at maximum required time.
10. SAFETY
PRECAUTION
Ø
The
worker and all peoples around the site were not given safety gear to ensure
that they are safety.
Ø
Some of
welfare facilities were there like cleans water for drinking and foods.
11. RECOMMENDATION
Ø
In
concrete work the following should be observed to obtain strong and long
lasting structures:
IV.
Proper
batching
V.
The
speed of drum must be more than 20rev/min and not less than 14rev/min.
VI.
Also
the contractors should ensure that qualified structural technicians are there
for supervision.
12. CONCLUSION
Ø
The
work was done well per specification and completed as required.
THESE ARE PICTURES
OF OVER SITE CONCRETE TAKEN AT THE SITE AFTER CURING PROCESS.
Few minute after curing
Concrete after two days
GLOSSARY
Basic
Concepts:
Beam = Structural element that supports loads in
transversal direction to its axis and Behaves mainly by flexion. A confining
beam transmits loads to the wall.
Bearing wall = Wall designed and constructed in a way that
can transmit horizontal andvertical loads from an upper to a lower level up to
the foundation.
Column = Element of reinforced concrete designed
and built to bear and transmithorizontal and vertical loads to the foundation.
Foundation = Part of the building that transmit to the
ground the loads and forces of the entire structure.
Joint = Gap between elements of a structure in order
to control contraction, expansionand vibration and avoiding cracking in the
building.
Laying out = When marking on the surface of the ground
the position of walls and trench alignment, using stakes and cords.
Slab = Structural element used as a floor or roof,
usually horizontal and reinforced in one direction.
Wall density = the ratio between the product of wall
length by its thickness in reinforced walls and the area of the floor.
Materials:
Concrete = A mixing of cement paste, water, sand and
crushed stone or gravel.
Masonry = Material composed by brick or block units
and joined by amortar to make a wall.
Mortar = A mix of agglomerate (cement), aggregates
(sand and stone) and water in aspecific proportion. It is used to glue units of
bricks.
Sand +
gravel= a natural mix of
aggregates; sand and stone of river.
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