NEW RESIDENTIAL HOUSING CONSTRUCTION REPORT



COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (CoET)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

PROJECT   NAME         : CONSTRUCTION OF PROPOSED COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
NAME OF STUDENT          : MARK DAVID N
REG No                                :   2012-04-02267
COURSE                              : B.sc.in Civil Engineering.
COMPANY NAME            : MASASI CONSTRUCTION CO.LTD
PLACE                                  : KARIAKOO STREET
ACADEMIC SUPERVISOR   : Dr. D. MULUNGU
TRAINING OFFICER           : MOHAMED ABDUZAK
 PT DURATION                     :  8 WEEKS (24 June 2013 to 16 August2013).



Contents




 

 

 

 



                                                  2. PREFACE

                 Practical Training (PT) is an essential integral part of the four year B.Sc. (Eng) Degree course offered by the College of Engineering and Technology of university of Dar Es Salaam.  It is conducted after the second semester of the first, second and third year of studying extending over the period of eight weeks
The main objective of PT is to provide an opportunity for the students to merge theory and practical of they have learned. PT offers training valuable experience in a real life situation that cannot be stimulated in lecture rooms, laboratories or College Workshops. In this way students beside being productive, they can learn about the problems he/she may encounter in his future carrier, learning of such carriers at early stage will enable him/her to conduct an objective assessment of the courses being offered in his/her undergraduate studies and choose his/her options sensibly.
Generally practical training makes and maintains the foundation towards producing competent engineers who can tackle the real life engineering problems. The achievement of this can be attained if and only if the college will assign the students to conduct their practical to companies or industries though which their profession will relay. Also making sure that they will meet the instructors who will help them whenever a technical problem arise and help them to develop their skills and knowledge that they have and be very close to the students.
The report consists of two parts. The first part concerned with the general report or summary, this is the review of the whole entire work performed during my practical training period.
             Second part concerned with the weekly report; this consists of eight weekly reports written at the end of each week. The weekly reports describe and comment on the main job performed during the week.  


3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

           I take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to my guide Dr MUTABAZI for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant encouragement throughout the course of this training. The blessing, help and guidance given by him time to time shall carry me a long way in the journey of life on which I am about to embark.

I also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to Company site engineer Mr. MOHAMED ABDUZAK who was my training officer, client representative engineer Mr. MONGI and site foreman Mr. BHAJAN, my academic supervisor Mr. D. MULUNGU and all workers and labourers for their valuable information, guidance and general support, which helped me in completing my practical training through various stages. 

I am obliged to staff members of MASASI CONSTRUCTION CO.LTD, for the valuable information provided by them in their respective fields. I am grateful for their cooperation during the period of my practical training.

Lastly, I thank almighty, my parents, brother, sisters and friends for their constant encouragement and support without which this engineering project would not be possible.

          










4. HISTORY OF THE COMPANY

The Masasi Construction Company Ltd was incorporated as a limited liability Company in 1998 by the Registrar of Companies (Cap. 212), Tanzania. In the same year 1981 the company was registered by National Board of Architects, Quantity Surveyors and Building Contractor CLASS FIVE. Due to good performance the building was progressively upgraded reaching the apex that is CLASS ONE in 1992. In 1998 the company was registered as CIVIL WORKS CONTRACTOR CLASS SEVEN.

The Company, since incorporation in 1981, has executed successfully many projects in Dar es Salaam as well as up Country Regions. The buildings constructed include Multi-storey Structures, some with basement, factories, residential houses in singles or in estate form, office blocks etc.

Masasi Construction Co. ltd is a centre on owning the required and modern resources. The company has highly qualified and experienced technical staff and sufficient plant and equipment for all types of building and associated works. To facilitate execution and ease of management the Company has set up semi-independent units to provide essential services.
These units are;
Ø  Stone quarry at Mjimwema, Dar es Salaam capable of producing 2000 tons of aggregates for concrete work etc. per month.
Ø  Mechanical workshops for repair and servicing of the Company Plant and Equipment fleet.
Ø  Wood workshop to provide all timber related articles to projects.
Ø  Concrete Articles Manufacturing Yard including a line of producing for soil cement blocks.
Ø  Concrete batching plant 30 cubic meter per hour.
Ø  Concrete pump which can pump running meter horizontally and 100 meter vertically.
Ø  3 concrete Transporting Trucks each 7 cubic meter.

These units are not for business, but only provide support services in the company’s undertakings.

The company’s motto is to “complete all the works entrusted to the company to the satisfaction of the clients”, a thing announced to have been achieved by Masasi Construction Co. Ltd and till now maintained.









5. LEGAL STATUS OF THE COMPANY

     NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE COMPANY
     NAME                                : MASASI CONSTRUCTION CO. LTD
     POSTAL ADDRESS                       : P.O. BOX 9580, DAR ES SALAAM
     TELEPHONE No               : 2185401
     MOBILE No                       :  0713326972/0787888890
     FAX NO                              : 2182770
     Email                                  :  info@masasi.co.tz/admin@masasi.co.tz

    PHISICAL ADRESS AND PRINCIPAL PLACE OF BUSINESS
     PLOT NO.25, UHURU ST.
     2ND BUILDING FROM
     LUMUMBA ST., OPPOSITE WDC BUILDING
     MNAZI MMOJA, DAR ES SALAAM.

Supporting facilities:-
a.      Wood workshop- plot No. 170/71
Mbozi road chang’ombe, dsm
                         Wood workshop to provide all timber related articles to projects
b.      Mechanical workshop- plot No. 3 pugu road opposite TAZARA railway station

Mechanical workshop for the repair and servicing of the company plant and equipment fleet
c.       Concrete article yard- kijitonyama, new bagamoyo road
Concrete article manufacturing yard a line of production for soil cement blocks
d.      Stone Quarry- Mjimwema
       (2 NO crushes with conveyor belts)
  Stone quarry at mjimwema, dar es salaam capable of producing 2000 tons of aggregates         for concrete work etc. per month.
e.      Special brick factory – kijitonyama – new bagamoyo road.

5.1. REGISTRATION DETAILS WITH REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES

            Dar es Salaam                                                            Zanzibar
Registration No.:8341                                                 registration No.:244
Place of registration: Dar es Salaam                           Place of registration: Zanzibar
Date of registration: 8/6/1981                                     date of Registration: 18/3/1994

DESCRIPTION AND LEGAL STATUS OF THE COMPANY
Building and civil engineering construction
Limited liability Company
Tanzanians hold 94.41% of the paid up shares

CURRENT BUSSINESS LICENCE
License                        :           B-00937696
Place of issue              :           Dar es Salaam

5.2. REGISTRATION WITH CONTRACTORS REGISTRATION BOARD

Building works registration No.B1/0038/3/89
Place of registration                :                       Dar es Salaam.
Date of registration                 :                       1/1/1998
Class of registration                :                       CLASS ONE
Civil works registration No.C3/0008/8/98
            Place of registration                :                       Dar es Salaam
            Date of registration                 :                       6/8/1998
            Class of registration                :                       CLASS THREE
Electrical works registration No.E7/0269/5/05
            Place of registration                :                       Dar es Salaam
            Date of registration                 :                       12/05/2005
            Class of registration                :                       CLASS SEVEN
REGISRATION WITH T.R.A
Value added Tax (VAT) VRN No. 10-003892-C
Value Added Tax (VAT) TIN No. 100-150-778


















Chief accountant

Managing director

Logistics&material manager

Accountants & assistants

Accounts clerks

Construction director

Chief engineer

Chief Quantity surveyors

Operations manager

Projects managers

Quarry manager

Timber yard manager

Garage manager

Blocks production manager

Senior Qs

Site managers
 
























7. PROJECT SUMMARY REPORT

7.0. INTRODUCTION

The practical training coordinator at the college of engineering and technology (CoET) located me to MASASI CONSTRUCTION CO. LTD to carry out my practical training.
Activities described below were performed in the company. The company had a lot of sites that enabled me to grasp the required knowledge by learning different techniques used in different sites such as CHAMANZI but I spent most of my time at the SIKUKUU AND AMANI SITE as my main site. At SKUKUU AND AMANI SITE the building was 8 storeys building proposed for commercial and residential purposes with the dimensions of (17400mm*17000mm) constructed near the fire bus station.

PROJECT: PROPOSED COMMERCE AND RESIDENTIAL BUILDING ON PLOT NO 40 BLOCK ‘63’      SIKUKUU/AMANI STREET KARIAKOO, ILALA MUNICIPALITY DAR ES SALAAM.

CLIENT: PETA HOLDING (T) LTD

BUILDING PERMIT: NO 2188

ARCHITECT: EMPEROR TREASURER CO. (T) LTD

SRUCTURAL ENGINEERS: LUFTAN CONSULTS LTD

QUANTITY SURVEYORS: STANDARD QUANTA CONSULTS

CONTRACTOR: MASASI CONSTRUCTION CO. LTD


7.1. DESCRIPTION OF WORK

The site works performed where leveling, setting out, walling, plastering, formwork and shuttering, steel reinforcement, concrete mixing and its casting, and curing.

·         Concreting;
At each stage the concrete was prepared, casting was done to stairs, columns, beams or slab and the cubes were made to be tested in laboratory if the concrete has reached the required specifications of C25 for stairs and C30 for slab beams and columns.

·         Steel fixing(reinforcement);
Steel bars were cut, bent, and they were fixed to the required position as shown in the detailed drawings. This was done for slab, beams, Columns, and Stairs. High tensile steel bars of diameters 12, 16 and 20mm were used. With those of 8mm and 10mm used as stirrups.

·         Leveling and aligning;
Leveling was done during stair and slab setting out, to ensure that slab is at its exact position so as to transfer the load to the beams and columns.

·         Formwork/shuttering;
Formwork was made to create moulds for concrete work for columns, slabs and stairs; this was to done purposefully and deliberately to hold and control the shape of the formed structure and to support the workers and the load they carry.
·         Wall construction;
The wall are used for protecting the occupant and their properties also as a partitions, some time especially external wall can be used to transfer loads(load bearing wall).

Different materials were used in the construction process. The materials include; Cement, Coarse and fine aggregates, Steel bars, and Woods (Timber & marine boards) nails, . Due to its effects depending on the type used, water is described as a building material in this report. The strength of the concrete used in construction of various elements on the construction is also described (specified).
AGGREGATES
Both Coarse and fine aggregates were locally collected from different parts within the Coast region. Fine aggregates were collected from Mukulanga at Pwaniregion. The coarse aggregates were collected from Logoba at Pwaniregion. The aggregates used were free from impurities (organic matter). If there were impurities, the strength of the elements (columns, slabs or beams) formed could below.
The coarse aggregates used in construction of different structures of the project were of different sizes. For example those of 20mm were used in beams and slabs.
CEMENT
         It was Ordinary Lucky cement. The Cement was manufactured in Pakistan.
         WOODS
The woods used were of two types; Cyprus woods (timber) and Marine board. The Cyprus woods were collected from Iringa region and the marine board was imported from Bombay (India). The woods were used for shuttering and supporting the safety nets. The woods used for shuttering were supposed to be free from knots, splits and other shakes. The newly used woods had the above mentioned qualities; had neither splits nor knots. The recycled or reused woods had several splits and knots. The shakes led to the formation of knots on the surfaces of the finished elements (beams, slabs and columns). These have adverse effects to the distribution or transfer of the load to the ground. Knots led to the concentration of the forces (load) at only one point leading to the failure of the structures subsequently the collapse of the building. Thus knots should be observed and avoided during any construction process. 
               
STEEL BARS
Steel used was from turkey
WATER
water used in construction at site was the water supplied by the Dar es Salaam Water Supply Company (DAWASCO).T he use of this water had the purpose of avoiding salt water which is commonly underground water.
CONCRETE
The concrete used in construction of different structures of the construction had different mixing ratio (grades). For slab beams and columns, it was at the ratio of 1:1:4 (C30) and for stair it was 1:1.5:3 which is C25
CONCRETE COVER TO REINFORCEMENTS
The concrete cover to the reinforcements differed depending on the structure and its load is to transfer to the ground. When shuttering, the concrete cover was given by the thickness of the spacer blocks.

7.3. PROJECT LOCATION

The project was located at SKUKUU/AMANI JUNCTION near fire bus station

7.4. CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

ARRIVAL TIME
When I arrived at site the main work was concrete casting to slab of the fourth floor for which the formwork making and shuttering for slab for the fourth floor were going on,  and the steel fixing was done for the fourth floor before concrete casting was done
After casting of concrete then there was setting out of kicker setting out and steel reinforcement for columns in fourth floor and the construction of partition wall and external wall in mezzanine floor was continuing at the same time, then after that steel bar fixing for slab was done per specification in fourth floor including laying out conduits for electrical wiring; Then the concrete work was done per specification of structural engineer (grade 25) ratio 1:1.5:3 and all tests were done as required (slump test and crushing of concrete cubes).
LEAVING TIME
At the time of leaving the main work was construction of columns on the 5th floor

7.5. FINANCIAL COMMITIMENT AND TIME TARGET

7.5.1. BENEFIT OF THE PROJECT

      • The project aimed at providing accessibility and comfortable the owners, the people around will benefit from it by hiring.
      •  As it were proposed for commerce, the people around will be facilitated to fulfill their basic needs.
      •  The buildings are being constructed under the rule of city planning; therefore they are the parts of it.

7.5. 2. COSTS OF THE PROJECTS

The project cost was estimated to be 1.8 billion.

7.5.3. DURATION OF THE PROJECTS.

The project started in November 2012 and it has to be completed in one year time, this means the engineering project has to be completed on November 2013

 7.6. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

The following are the difficulties I faced during my practical training.
1.       Safety precautions were not observed at time of training; Also there is no protecting gears for example elements, mask, overcoat and boots so people are just working manually which are very dangerous to the workers:
ü  Cement were held with bare hands,
ü  Binding wires were bent with bare hands,
ü  Machine should be regularly checked for maintenance to avoid accidents
2.       Little attention by the training officers. Always we were asking activity to do, if we could remain silence we could have done nothing and they were comfortable with it;
3.       Some of the equipments for measuring and testing  had defects;
4.       Technology used during construction was low, small concrete mixer was used, man power, (labour intensive productivity) was the man source of labour.
5.       Poor management both to client and contractor due to lack of educated person so this led to delay of the project and unexpected loses for example there is no working schedules for the activities they just working manually.
6.       Most of the staff members were not ready to co operate with the trainees once they face technical problems, which cause the trainees to have difficulties on finding the solutions.
7.       The trainees were not well supported in terms of information about the company and the project as concerned.


7.7. RECOMMENDATIONS


        I.            Because government emphasis on the life of its people, the extent to which the company provide safety must be the condition to win the tender, and there should be the law to emphasis that. That’s Construction industries should build the habits of using safety gears; apron, boot, gloves for health of the workers.
      II.            Training officers should treat student with attention, similar to other workers of the firm and command where possible as the PT regulation requires.
   III.            The results of testing are used in design, leveling for example should be done with complete set of precious equipments (stuff with bubble for example).
    IV.            Industries should place students in accordance to their level of education, or enough supervision should be provided to the student.
      V.            The production should be technologically intensive; equipment should match the work to be done.
    VI.            At the site, there as to be a permanent store with a guard (storekeeper) to make sure all of the equipment and construction materials are kept safe and in case of anything missing or required which is not available, immediately he/she should report to the one in charge.
 VII.            Health and safety are very important for workers especially Labour which in most cases are affected directly by this problems.
VIII.            No any kind of harm is to be promoted during construction work; therefore all workers are required to make the use of safety gears to be safe against any accident or danger which might occur.
    IX.            Site engineer finally is required to be visiting the site as many times as possible. There some technical or problem which may require his presence to solve.
      X.            I would like to recommend to the university of Dar Es salaam to continue assisting students in obtain the right place for doing their practical training which are based on their field of their specialization.

7.8. CONCLUSION (Skills gained)

 In the eight weeks of my Practical Training program, I have learnt (skilled in) various construction activities (processes). The activities include; Leveling, concreting activities, Steel works such as preparation of reinforcement bars for columns, slab, beams and ring bars, Carpentry works such as shuttering activities and masonry work. Therefore, after the eight weeks of the PT, I’m able to carry out good number of such activities mentioned above successfully. I really enjoyed and appreciate their concern to me and other Practical Training or workers from other company who were advising me different skills.

Proposed commerce and residential building/Temeke site


7.      WEEKLY REPORTS

7.0.            WEEKKLY REPORT NO 1:  FROM 25 TO 29/06/2012

FORMWORKMAKING

1.      INTRODUCTION:
Formwork for concrete work is described as a mould or box into which wet concrete can be poured, compacted and vibrated so that it will flow and finally set to the inner profile of the box or mould. The Ring beam formwork has the dimensions, height 300mm, thickness 230mm and the slab formwork height 150 mm, all the dimensions was given on the drawing plan.

2.      OBJECTIVE:
Formwork is used as a temporary support structure to hold the wet concrete till  is hardened, it is also used to contain or retain concrete in a specific shape and size until the concrete has develop sufficient strength to stay in position without  support .

3.       MATERIAL USED:
o   Marine board(4”*8”*18mm)
o   Timber (2”*4” and 2”*2”).
o   Nails (3”, 4” and 2.5”).
o   Props (mirunda trees and metals).
o   Scaffolding

4.       TOOLS AND MACHINE USED:
§  Hand saw.
§  Tape measure.
§  Rope for lining.
§  Circular saw machine
§  Spirit level for lining.
§  Claw hammer.

5.       SOURCE AND ORGIN OF MATERIALS:
The soft wood (Mirunda) and Timber were taken direct from Iringaand marine board was taken from Bombay (India)

6.       PROCEDURES:
Ø  The all materials were prepared, timbers were planed to the required size (2”*2” and 2”*4”) and the props were cut on site to the required size given on the drawing plan.
Ø  The soffits of the beams were constructed first followed by the side of the beams internally and the slabs soffits were constructed per the drawing.
Ø  The props were placed together with scaffolding, 150mm to 200mm apart so as to sustain the loads of slabs and beams.
Ø  Lastly the external side were placed per the drawing and supported per specification as shown to the drawings.





7.       SKILLS AND MANPOWER:
§  Engineer,
§  Site foreman,
§  PT students,
§  Unskilled and Skilled labour,
§  Carpenters,

8.       SAFETY PRECATIONS
The worker and all peoples around the site were not given safety gear to ensure that they are safe.Our construction site is an extremely busy work environment so care was taken to avoid run over by operating equipment and materials.

9.       INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS
During construction of formwork the weather conditions were normal which allow the carpenters and the manpower to work at the maximum required time.

10.   TIME REQUIRED
We use marine board and timber which were measured carefully with their respecting sizes, we finish the work at required time.

11.   CONCLUSIONS
The work was done well per specification and completed as required as an engineering work it was constructed with, Quality, safety, economic and within the time.






















THE PICTURES BELLOW SHOWS THE TOP AND THE BOTTOM OF THE FORMWORK.

1.      BOTTOM OF THE FORMWORK






7.1.           WEEKLY REPORT NO 2: FROM 02 TO 06/ 07/2012


STAIRS CONSTRUCTION

1.       INTRODUCTION:
Stair is a sequence of steps which is provided to afford the means of ascent and descent between the floor or landings. Stairs are structure in the building that enables movements of good or people fromone floor to the other. Stair always consist a series of flight and landing.

2.       OBJECTIVES:
The following are the function of staircase:
Ø  Provide a mean of circulation between floor levels
Ø  Establish a safe means of travel between floor levels
Ø  Provide an easy means of conveying fitting and furniture between floor level
 The main objective of construction of stair is to afford the means of ascent and descent between floors or landing.

3.       MATERIAL USED:
·         Cement
·         Sand
·         Aggregates
·         Timber1”*8”,1”*6”,2”*4” and 2”*3”
·         nail
·         Marine board
·         Trees/mirunda
·         High yield reinforcement steel 12mm and 10mm
·         Water
·         Binding wires

4.      SOURCE OF MATERIAL
Cement was lucky cement from Pakistan, sand from mukulanga (pwani), aggregates was from Logoba, the soft wood (Mirunda) and Timber were taken direct from Iringa and marine board was taken from Bombay (India)


5.      TOOLS AND MACHINE USED.
v  Concrete mixer machine: Used for mixing aggregates, sand and cement with water to have the well mixed ratio of concrete.
v  Vibrator machine: used for compaction during casting.
v  Wove/blower: used for cleaning the surfaces of steel bars.
v  Grinding machine: For cutting the steel bars.
v  Circular saw machine: Used for cutting marine board.
v  Hand saw: used for cutting timber and trees/mirunda.
v  Hammer: For fixing the nails
v  Pincer: used for tighten the steel bars by holding the binding wires and cutting of the extended pieces of binding wires.
v  Tape: used not only to measure steels during cutting and bendingbut also to measure timber, trees and marine board during cutting and fixing.
v  Trowel: used to plan the top surface of the going.
v  Water tank: used to stock the water near the concrete mixer machine.
v  Spirit level for leveling timber formwork
v  Spicer for cutting binding wire and tighten the steel bar
v  Claw bar for removing the formwork after casting concrete.
v  Spade: used for spreading the mixed concrete and filling
of aggregates and sand to the bucket for measuring ratio.
v  Bucket:

6.      SKILLS AND MANPOWER:
Ø  Site engineer
Ø  Site foreman
Ø  Carpenters
Ø  Skilled and unskilled labour
Ø  PT students

7.      PROCEDURES:
·         Reading the dimensions given on the drawing plan of the building.
·         Cleaning of the stair case.
·         The materials, timber marine board and mirunda trees were measured by considering the dimension given on drawing plan of building.
v  These materials are arranged and fixed in the stair case in order to make formwork then the bottom of the stair were prepared where by 1”*6”,1”*8” were used on top of 2”*4” which were placed 20cm a parts, these was include bottom of the landing. After that the side of stair (300mm) were placed including the landing side (150mm) but the side of stair was include waist of stair (150mm).
·          The high yield reinforcement steel were measured and cut to the dimension which is given on drawing plan; this process was done using the tape measure for measuring and grinding machine for cutting.
·         The high yield steel bars were superposed to each other and tightened with pincer by holding the binding wires.
·         After steel fixing then the steps of stair was fixed by ensuring the tread of 300mm and the riser of 150mm.
·         Removal of the impurities in the formwork using wove/blower machine before casting to prevent the concrete harm full.
·         The materials measurement using the ratio of1:1.5:3 (grade 25)cement , sand and aggregates respectively.
·         The materials were transported to the mixer machine by using bucket.
·         The mixing was done by filling aggregates, water, sand and cement respectively in the concrete mixer machine to make good mixture of required quality.
·         Stair casting, was done using bucket for taking mixture from the mixer machine to the stair form work and then the vibrator machine was used to ensure that the mixture is well compacted for preventing pores in concrete after shrinkage.
·         The equipment used were cleaned and taken to the store for the future use.
·         In order to maintain the safety of concrete in preventing cracks and the curing period will be conducted for 7 days.

8.      TIME REQUIRED:
We use marine board and timber which were measured carefully with their respecting sizes, we finish the work at required time.

9.      INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT CONDITION:

During the construction, the weather conditions were normal which allow and favorite the manpower to work at maximum required time.

10.   SAFETY PRECAUTIONS:
Since we were using many types of equipment, some of them can cause injuries, so care was taken when assembling, cutting, casting and mixing so as to avoid harm and hazard.
11. CONCLUSION:
 During the work some measurement were changed because of the space and quality of intended action; the work was done also manually because of lack of equipment for instance dumper for taking the mixed concrete from the mixer machine to the stairs; then this was done using bucket.
The intended purpose was achieved timely and efficiently in spite of manual work.







THESE ARE PICTURES TAKEN AT THE SITE SHOWING STAIR CONSTRUCTION STEPS:
1.       SRTAR REINFORCEMENT
2.       STAIR  FORM WORK









3.       STAIRS AFTER REMOVAL OF FORMWORK IN SIDES



7.2.           WEEKLY REPORT NO 3: FROM 09 TO 14/07/2012.

COLUMNS CONSTRUCTION

1.      INTRODUCTION:
 A column is the vertical member carrying the beam and floor loadings to the foundation and is a compression member. The columns are made with reinforced concrete; also columns are used to determine the exact position of walls, stairs, and corridors and so on. Since concrete is strong in compression it may be concluded that provided compressive strength of the concrete is not exceeded no reinforcement would be required. For this condition to be true the following conditions must exist:
ü  loading must be axial
ü  small ratio between height and diameter of the beam
ü  the large cross section area
These conditions rarely occur in framed buildings, consequently bending is included and the need for reinforcement to provide tensile strength is apparent.
                         On the site we made 24 columns of rectangular form which have the dimension of 460mm in length, 230mm in width and 2700mm in height.

2.      MATERIALS USED:
§  Cement
§  Sand
§  Aggregates
§  Water
§  Marine board
§  Timber
§  Steel bars
§  Nails
§  Props (mirunda trees)
§  Binding wires
§  Oil

3.      SOURCE OF MATERIAL
Cement was lucky cement from Pakistan, sand from mukulanga, aggregates was from Logoba, the soft wood (Mirunda) and Timber were taken direct from Iringa and marine board was taken from Bombay (India).



4.      SKILLS AND MAN POWER
On the site there was:
·         site foreman
·         site engineer
·         PT students
·         Carpenter 
·         Skilled and unskilled labours.

5.      PROCEDURES
·         Setting out columns was firstly done since the construction of slab by means of dump level, where by starter bars for columns were erected on the required position. Then the construction of slab basement followed.
·         We then start by fixing the steel bars for columns to the height of second floor level. We used steel bars of dimension Y16 and for stirrup was Y8. The cutting, bending and fixing of steel bars were done as per bending schedule.
·         Fixing of spacer blocks was the next step; this was done purposely to give a maximum cover for the concrete.
·         Since we received the formworks i.e. timber formworks, which has already being prepared on the required positions. Timber and nails were used on tighten the timber formwork. Tighten process was done purposely to prevent grout leakage.
·         Plumb bob and measuring tape was then used to ensure that the column formwork stand vertically without lean on other sides.
·         Finally casting of concrete on the column formwork was done, concrete of grade 25 in ratio of 1:11/2:3 were used. Casting was done in one operation with the use of mechanical vibrator (pocker) to ensure maximum compaction.

6.      INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
During construction of columns, the weather conditions were condensate, which allow the labour to work at the maximum required time.
7.      TIME REQUIRED
Column construction, fixing and casting were done at the required time.
8.      SAFETY PRECAUTION
QUALITY: care was observed during construction and erection so that the required size, position and finish of concrete are obtained.
9.      SAFETY:
They were constructed strong enough to take pressure or weight of the fresh concrete and any other load without distortion, leakage failure or danger to humans.
In addition helmets, gloves were strictly advised to be worn throughout the time of column construction. This was done purposely to protect the labour.
10. CONCLUSION:
Column reinforcements shouldbe anchored horizontally to thebeams with enough anchoragelength.
The work was done well per specification and completed as required as an engineering work it was constructed with, Quality, safety, economic and within the time.









































THESE PICTURES SHOW THE COLUMN CONSTRACTION IN PROCESS.

1.       COLUMNS REINFORCEMENT



7.3.           WEEKLY REPORT NO 4: FROM 16 TO 21 /07/2012

REINFORCEMENT

1.      INTRODUCTION:
The steel bar for the columns and beams were fabricated as per drawings (bar bending schedule) whereby main bar was 20mm diameter and for the links was 8mm.
Columns these are the vertical member which transfer the loads from slabs and beams to the foundations and being distributed to the soil. Also beams take load from slabs and direct it to columns

2.       MATERIAL USED
Steel bars of different diameter as shown on drawings and
Bindingwires was from SouthAfrica.

3.      TOOLS USED
Hacksaws
Pincer
Bending bars
Chalks for marking
Measuring tape
Special for bending links according to drawings
Grinding machine



4.      PROCEDURES
All steel bars were prepared and being arranged as required by cutting it in required height according to the bar bending schedules.
The main bars and links were bends per bar bending schedule.
Then after cutting the steel bars both main bars and links were righted together by binding wire per specifications.
The process was repeated until the work was completed.

5.      SKILLS AND MANPOWER
v  engineer
v  Students from university of Dar es salaam
v  Unskilled labour
v  Site Foreman
6.      TIME REQUIRED:
The work was done at required time.

7.       SAFETY PRECATIONS
The worker and all peoples around the site were not given safety gear to ensure that they are safety.
Some of welfare facilities were there like cleans water for drinking and foods.


8.      INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS:
During steel fixing, the weather conditions were condensate, which allow the labour to work at the maximum required time.

9.       RECOMMENDATIONS
Before cutting the steels bar first your advice to check the actual dimension of the constructed building and compare it with the bar bending schedule

10. CONCLUSIONS
The fabrication of steel bars were done well and completed per specifications.






































PICTURES BOLLOW SHOW THE REINFORCED STEEL BARS IN RING BEAM AND BOTTOM OF THE SLAB.


PICTURE SHOW THE TOP REINFORCEMENT





7.4   WEEKLY REPORT NO 5: FROM 23 TO 28 07/2012.


WALL CONSTRUCTION

1.      INTRODUCTION:
Clay brick masonry building is the most likely used type of structural system on
Housing in many countries. More houses are built using this system. Building a house without following the National Standards of Earthquake design, the Masonry design standard and this Masonry Construction guide could produce damage on the house. For our site the bond used where stretcher bond.

2.       OBJECTIVES:
The wall are used for protecting the occupant and their properties also as a partitions, some time especially external wall can be used to transfer loads(load bearing wall)

3. SKILLS AND MANPOWER USED:
·         PT Students
·         Engineer
·          Site foreman
·          skilled labour
·          Unskilled labour

4. MATERIALS USED:
·         Cement
·         Sand
·         Water
·         Masonry units

5. SOURCE OF MATERIAL
Cement was lucky cement from Pakistan, sand from Mukulanga and masonry units (blocks cement) which was from Mbagala.


6. TOOLS AND MACHINE USED:

Air or bubble level: Used to determinethe level differencebetween two or morenear points.
Brick layer’s trowel: A metallic or wood plate or palette used to spread mortar forbrick layering orcovering (finishing).
Cord: Thick thread used to level bricks between layers.
Lead Weight: Used to determininga vertical alignment.It is composed by acylindrical formweight made of lead,which is suspendedby a thread crossingits center.
Scaffold: Metallic or woodstructure that permitto work in a heightplace.
Square or Angle: Can be metallic orwooden assembledin a cross of 90º andmaintain its positionby anotherdiagonally strips.




7.      PROCEDURES:
·         Preparing the ground: Ground should be clean, without rubbish neither organic material nor any odd element to the ground.
·         Drawing the structure on the ground: Ropes (cord) are tightened, using trestles made by wood poles nailed to a transversal stick and embedded to the ground. Trestles are placed at external part of build. Check the angle of 900at the corners making triangle of 3-4-5 length sides.
·         Preparation of the bricks: Bricks should be wet before layer them so they don’t absorb water from mortar and obtaining a good adherence mortar-brick.
·         Preparation of the mortar: To make the mortar, the mix will have thick sand - cement ratio of 5:1. Sand and cement should be mixed dry. Next this dry mix was mixed with water using spade.
·         The construction process:
Ø  The lining of blocks was maintained by using ropes which was tight to the first blocks and the last one and these was done to the all course
Ø  The verticality was insured by using plumb bob to each laid blocks to insure that the whole wall are vertical.
Ø  The all process was repeated to all part of the building to insure that the work is completed as per drawings.

8.      TIME REQUIRED:
 The work was completely done at the required time.

9.       INFRUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT CONDITION:
During the construction, the weather conditions were normal which allow and favorite the manpower to work at maximum required time.

10. SAFETY PRECAUTION:
Helmets and reflectors (vest) were strictly advised to be worn throughout the time of construction. This was done purposely to protect the labour.
11. CONCLUSION:
v  For the case of the wall the following must be insured so as to obtain neatness of works;
                                i.            Lining: These was done by using rope(manila) so as to obtain the well arrangement of the wall
                             ii.            Verticality: these also was done by using plumb bob
                             iii.            It is very important to keep the mortar workable, so the proportion of mixture must remain identically during the whole process.



HERE ARE SOME TOOLS USED IN WALL CONSTRUCTION.
Fig a: trowel                   Fig b: lead weight           Fig c: air or bubble levelFig d: spade


Figb: Wall showing the window and joint






7.4.           WEEKLY REPORT NO 6: FROM 30 TO 04/ 08/ 2012.


CONCRETE WORK

1.       INTRODUCTION:
Concrete is a composite construction material composed primarily of aggregate, cement and water. There are many formulations that have varied properties. The aggregate is generally coarse gravel or crushed rocks such as limestone, or granite, along with a fine aggregate such as sand. The cement, commonly Portland cement, and other cementations materials such as fly ash and slag cement, serve as a binder for the aggregate. Water is then mixed with this dry composite which enables it to be shaped (typically poured) and then solidified and hardened into rock-hard strength.

2.       OBJECTIVE:
 Concrete is widely used for making architectural structures, foundations, brick/block walls, pavements, bridges/overpasses, motorways/roads, runways, parking structures, dams, pools/reservoirs, pipes, footings for gates, fences and poles and even boats.

3.       SKILLS AND MANPOWER:
·         Engineer
·         Site foreman
·         PT Student
·         Unskilled Labour

4.      TIME REQUIRED:
The work was done at required time

5.      MATERIAL USED:
6.      SOURCE OF MATERIAL
Cement was lucky cement from Pakistan, sand from mbagala and aggregates from Logoba

7.       TOOLS AND MACHINE:
o   Concrete mixer machine
o   Spade
o   Water tank
o   Bucket.
o   Vibrator machine

8.       PROCEDURES:
ü  The material were prepared as required including fine aggregate (pass 4mm sieve), course aggregate (retained 4mm sieve) but was 1.5” and bags of cement.
ü  Then the concrete mix machine was switched on and their speed was moderate then the fine aggregate, course aggregate and cement were batched by volume (nominal mix) then optimum water was applied to the drum of concrete mixer and the mixer was left (around 3-4 minutes) to obtain the required mixer.
NOTE:
The concrete ratio depends on the usage for example:
ü  1:3:6 (grade 15) mass concrete for over site concrete.
ü  1:2:4 (grade 20) reinforced concrete
ü  1:11/2:3 (grade 25) reinforcedconcrete. These ratio was used for our site for column and suspend slabs (reinforced slabs)
7.1 CASTING OF CONCRETE
Ø  Before casting the slum test was done and the concrete cubes was taken for testing but also formwork was oiled to avoid striking of concrete for which would cause difficulties in removing, then casting was done and correctly maintained distance to avoid segregation
7.2 TECHNICAL PROBLEMS
Ø  Various problems arise some being technical and other due to administration and work organization for example:
ü  No enough equipment, breaking down of mixer which causes delay of the work.
ü  Also in some case the formwork are not firm to hold the power of vibrator there the compaction was not sufficient.
                                                              i.      INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS:
During concrete work, the weather conditions were condensate, which allow the labourto work at the maximum required time.

9.       SAFETY PRECAUTION
The worker and all peoples around the site were not given safety gear to ensure that they are safety.Some of welfare facilities were there like cleans water for drinking and foods.
10. RECOMMENDATION
Ø  In concrete work the following should be observed to obtain strong and long lasting structures:
                                I.            Proper batching
                             II.            The speed of drum must be more than 20rev/min and not less than 14rev/min.
                           III.            Also the contractors should ensure that qualified structural technicians for supervision.
10. CONCLUSION:
The formwork must be left during at least a minimum time to get the initial hardening of the placed concrete. The work was done and completed per specification
A good vibration process must be produced to avoid voids in the concrete. Vibrators or steel bars could be used for vibration. If voids or irregularities are appeared in the concrete the resistance in the concrete will decrease.
























THIS PICTURE IS THE CONCRETE MIXER MACHINE USED IN MIXING SAND, AGGREGATES, CEMENT AND WATER.
Fig: spade                                   

Fig: vibrator machine.                                                     Fig: water tank



















7.6.           WEEKLY REPORT NO 7:FROM 07 TO 11/08/2012.


 FORM WORK MAKING FOR RING BEAM

1.      INTRODUCTION
Formwork is the term given to either temporary or permanent mould in to which the concrete or similar materials are poured. In the context of concrete construction the false work support the shuttering moulds.
2.      MATERIAL USED
v  Marineboard as the side of beam formwork.
v  Timber (1”*6”, 1”*8”, 1”*10” and 2”*4”).
v  Nail (3”, 4” and 2.5”).
3.      TOOLS USED
v  Hand saw.
v  Tape measure.
v  Rope for lining.
v  Spirit level for lining.
v  Claw hammer.
4.      SOURCE OF MATERIAL
The soft wood (Mirunda) and Timber were taken direct from Iringa and marine board was taken from Bombay (India).

5.      SOURCE OF MATERIAL
v  The material was taken direct from Iringa (soft wood) and being transferred by the big track up to site. Also marine board and nail was taken from Bombay (India) located in Arusha.
TIME REQUIRED:
The work was completely done at the required time.


6.      PROCEDURES
7.       Reading of the required dimensions on the drawing
8.       Cutting timber, props and marine board by the use of hand saw on the required dimension. The all materials were prepared, as the timbers were planed to the required size (1”*6”, 1”*8”, 1”*10” and 2”*4”).
9.       Arranging them on the different parts of foundation wall where by the reference levels were taken.
10.   Leveling by dumpy level to ensure that they were at the same level
11.   Fixing marine board, timber and props at their required parts;the internal and external side were placed per the drawing and supported per specification as shown to the drawings.
12.   Maintaining the required dimensions by the use of rope  on beam and slab
13.   Position joist clamping connector on top of the cross beam, press it against side formwork and tighten wing nut by means of a hammer.


14. SKILLS AND MANPOWER:
Engineer
Site foreman
PT Students
Carpenters
Skilled and unskilled labour
15. SAFETY PRECATIONS
v  The worker and all peoples around the site were not given safety gear to ensure that they are safety.
v  Some of welfare facilities were there like cleans water for drinking and foods.
INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION:

The atmosphere condition was sunny and too windy blowing since it dry in Dar es Salaam months.

16.  CONCLUSIONS
The work was done well per specification and completed as required.



THESE PICTURES BELLO SHOW THE FORMWORK FOR RINGBEAM BEFORE AND AFTER CASTING CONRETE.
Fig a: formwork before casting
Fig b: formwork after casting


7.7.           WEEKLY REPORT NO 8: FROM 13 TO 17 /08/ 2012


OVERSITE CONCRETE WORK.

1.      INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the hardened building material created by combining a chemically inert aggregate (fine and coarse aggregate),a binder (cement) and water in controlled proportions and of suitable quality.
*      Cement: powder produced from clay and chalk or limestone. In general most concrete is made up with ordinary or rapid hardening cement and it is act as a binder.
*      Aggregate: shape, surface texture and grading (distribution of particle size) are factor which influence the workability and strength of a concrete mix. Fine aggregate are generally regarded as those materials which pass through 4mm sieve whereas course aggregate are retained on a 4mm sieve
*      Water must be clean and free from impurities which are likely to affect the quality or strength of the resultant concrete.
*      Basic requirement of concrete are:
                                                        I.            Appropriate workability
                                                        I.            Optimum compactability
                                                      II.            Sufficient cohesiveness
2.       OBJECTIVE:
Concrete is widely used for making architectural structures, foundations, brick/block walls, pavements, bridges/overpasses, motorways/roads, runways, parking structures, dams, pools/reservoirs, pipes, footings for gates, fences and poles and even boats.

3.       SKILLS AND MANPOWER USED.

During over site concrete work there was Engineer, site foreman, Students, Skilled and unskilled labour.
At the beginning there was calculation of materials which is needed during all work from the beginning to the end in order to do the work economically by saving time.
There was volume of where the concrete must be casted which was calculated before; that volume was 15.029m3.
The formula used was:
No of bags of cement= (D×V)÷(50×SUM OF RATIO)
D: Density of cement which is 1500kg/m3.
V: volume of where to be casted.
 Ratio: 1:3:6; sum is 1+3+6=7.
Sum was multiplied by 50 because one bag of cement contain50kg.
Then no of bag of cement was (1500×15.029) ÷ (50×7) = 64.41bags; Approximately 65 bags of cement. 
The volume of aggregates was calculated by taking the total volume multiply by 0.85.
Then volume of aggregates=15.029m3×0.85
                                                  =12.77m3 approximately 13m3
The volume of sand was calculated by taking volume of aggregate divide by two.
Then the volume of sand was 13m3÷2=6.5m3 approximately 7m3.

3.  MATERIAL USED
v  Fine aggregate(Sand)
v  Course aggregate
v  Cement
v  Water
4. TOOLS USED
v  Concrete mixer,
v  spade,
v  Buckets.
5. SOURCE OF MATERIALS
Cement was lucky cement from Pakistan, sand from Mukulanga and course aggregates was from Logoba.

4.      PROCEDURES
v  The material were prepared as required including fine aggregate (pass 4mm sieve), course aggregate (retained 4mm sieve) but was 1.5” and bags of cement.
v  Then the concrete mix machine was switched on and their speed was moderate then the fine aggregate, course aggregate and cement were batched by volume (nominal mix) then optimum water was applied to the drum of concrete mixer and the mixer was left (around 3-4 minutes) to obtain the required mixer.

NOTE
The concrete ratio used was 1:3:6 (grade 15) mass concrete for over site concrete.
7. CASTING OF CONCRETE
Ø  Before casting the slum test was done and the concrete cubes was taken for testing but also formwork was oiled to avoid striking of concrete for which would cause difficulties in removing, then casting was done and correctly maintained distance to avoid segregation
8.  TECHNICAL PROBLEMS
Ø  Various problems arise some being technical and other due to administration and work organization for example
*      No enough equipment, breaking down of mixer which causes delay of the work.
*      Also in some case the form work are not firm to hold the power of vibrator there the compaction was not sufficient.
9.      ENVIRONMENTAL  INFLUENCES
During the construction, the weather conditions were normal which allow and favorite the manpower to work at maximum required time.

10. SAFETY PRECAUTION
Ø  The worker and all peoples around the site were not given safety gear to ensure that they are safety.
Ø  Some of welfare facilities were there like cleans water for drinking and foods.
11. RECOMMENDATION
Ø  In concrete work the following should be observed to obtain strong and long lasting structures:
                           IV.            Proper batching
                             V.            The speed of drum must be more than 20rev/min and not less than 14rev/min.
                           VI.            Also the contractors should ensure that qualified structural technicians are there for supervision.
12. CONCLUSION
Ø  The work was done well per specification and completed as required.


THESE ARE PICTURES OF OVER SITE CONCRETE TAKEN AT THE SITE AFTER CURING PROCESS.
Few minute after curing                                                   Concrete after two days


















GLOSSARY

Basic Concepts:

Beam = Structural element that supports loads in transversal direction to its axis and Behaves mainly by flexion. A confining beam transmits loads to the wall.
Bearing wall = Wall designed and constructed in a way that can transmit horizontal andvertical loads from an upper to a lower level up to the foundation.
Column = Element of reinforced concrete designed and built to bear and transmithorizontal and vertical loads to the foundation.
Foundation = Part of the building that transmit to the ground the loads and forces of the entire structure.
Joint = Gap between elements of a structure in order to control contraction, expansionand vibration and avoiding cracking in the building.
Laying out = When marking on the surface of the ground the position of walls and trench alignment, using stakes and cords.
Slab = Structural element used as a floor or roof, usually horizontal and reinforced in one direction.
Wall density = the ratio between the product of wall length by its thickness in reinforced walls and the area of the floor.

Materials:

Concrete = A mixing of cement paste, water, sand and crushed stone or gravel.
Masonry = Material composed by brick or block units and joined by amortar to make a wall.
Mortar = A mix of agglomerate (cement), aggregates (sand and stone) and water in aspecific proportion. It is used to glue units of bricks.
Sand + gravel= a natural mix of aggregates; sand and stone of river.












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