COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY (CoET)
DEPARTMENT OF
STRUCTURAL AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
PROJECT NAME : CONSTRUCTION OF PROPOSE
COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL BUILIDING.
NAME OF STUDENT :
REG No :
COURSE : B.sc.in Civil
and Structural Engineering.
COMPANY NAME :
PLACE :.
ACADEMIC SUPERVISOR :
PT DURATION :
8 WEEKS (25 June 2012 to 17 August 2012).
TABLE OF CONTENT
1.
Training
certificate………………………………………………………….. .
2.
Preface …………………………………………………………………………..
3.
Acknowledgement
……………………………………………………………
4.
History
of the company …………………………………………………….
5.
Organization
structure …………………………………………………….
6.
General
summary report …………………………………………………..
6.0. Introduction………………………………………………….
6.1. Description
of work……………………………………….
6.2. Project
location……………………………………………..
6.3. Construction
process……………………………………..
6.4. Financial
commitments and time targets……….
6.5. Problems
encountered…………………………………..
6.6. Recommendations………………………………………...
7.
Weekly
reports……………………………………………………………………..
7.0. Weekly
report number 1 ……………………………..
7.1. Weekly
report number 2 ………………………………
7.2. Weekly
report number 3 ………………………………
7.3. Weekly
report number 4 ………………………………
7.4. Weekly
report number 5 ………………………………
7.5. Weekly
report number 6 ………………………………
7.6. Weekly
report number 7 ………………………………
7.7. Weekly
report number 8 ………………………………
2.
PREFACE
Practical Training (PT) is an essential
integral part of the four year B.Sc. (Eng) Degree course offered by the College
of Engineering and Technology of university of Dar Es Salaam. It is conducted after the second, fourth and
sixth teaching semesters for a period of 8 weeks, Commencing around mid of June
each year.
The main objective of PT is to
provide an opportunity for the students to merge theory and practical. PT
offers training valuable experience in a real life situation that cannot be
stimulated in lecture rooms, laboratories or College Workshop. In this way, the
student can enhance his/her skills, knowledge, work abilities and attitude
toward his/her area of specialization.
Generally practical training makes
and maintains the foundation towards producing a competent and well
professional Engineer in the society who can solve the practical engineering
problem. The achievement of this can be attained if and only if the college
will assign the students to conduct their practical to companies or industries
though which their profession will relay. Also making sure that they will meet
the instructors who will help them whenever a technical problem arise and help
them to develop their skills and knowledge that they have and be very close to
the students.
This report consists of two parts.
The first part concerned with the general report or summary, this is the review
of the whole entire work performed during my practical training period.
Second part concerned with the weekly
report; this consists of eight weekly reports written at the end of each week.
The weekly reports describe and comment on the main job performed during the
week.
3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It’s my gratitude to put forward my sincere thanks to the
almighty God for giving me strength and health in all period of my practical
training.
Then my special thanks goes to the University of Dar Es
Salaam especially the college of Engineering and technology for providing the
knowledge and profession to students making them to be competitive Engineers.
Also seeking for the places in different companies and industries where the
students can learn and practice their knowledge practically what they have
learnt in Lectures. Also I would like to thank Linza concrete design limited
and Benchmark Engineering Limited who have given me a chance to perform my
practical training for 8 weeks and their kindly support they have shown to me.
Also I would like to express my thanks to Mr. Ibrahim as
my training officer and all people at the site that made it possible for me to
complete my practical training successfully.
I hereby express
my heartfelt appreciation to the following mentioned by their names for their
great contribution and special part of
accomplishment of my Practical training (PT) program, includes:
ü My academic supervisor Dr J.K MAKUNZA for his kindness and
advices
ü Mr. LINZA for receiving and locate me kindly to the one of their
stakeholder company and his inspiration about being on time
ü Eng. HAMAD
who was my site Engineer and Mr.
IBRAHIM the Technician, the majors
holders of my PT for their general
support, translating Swahili to English for me and advices too.
I won’t be grateful unless the head leaders
of BENCHMARK ENGINEERING CO. Ltd
ü ENG. SHEIKHAN and ENG. MAHIR for hosting my PT1 and all their workers
for their company, cooperation and hospitality.
Then I would like to thanks my father Alexandre NKUBITO, my
mother Beatrice KABIHOGO, my sister Vastie NTAHORITABA, and my brother Ezechiel
MBARUBUKEYE who help me to rich this high level of education.
Also my special thanks to my Friends Emmanuel MUGABO,
Schadrack DUSHIMIMANA, Jacques KAGENZA and Olive MUSABIREMA.
MAY
GOD BLESS THEM ALL
4. HISTORY OF THE COMPANY
The BENCMARK
ENGINEERING CO. Ltd it is the company of contractors registered by contractor’s
registration board of Tanzania, established in 2011. The Company has two
branches: Head office at KARIAOKO (DAR ES SALAAM) and another in ZANZIBAR.
Since its
establishment the Company is undertaking many projects both in Mainland and
Zanzibar, the projects includes:
-
Multistory
commercial and residential projects
-
Landscaping
-
Draining
works
This is the one that hosted all period of my
Practical Training program.
5. ORGANISATION STRUCTURE OF THE COMPANY.
The work organization at the
construction site was as shown by the table below;
 Director Managing
(Civil
Eng.)
|
Director
Technical (Civil Eng.)
|
 Secretary |
 Accountant |
 Architect |
Site
Eng.
|
 Technicians(3) |
Labour
|
6. GENERAL
SUMMARY REPORT
6.0. INTRODUCTION
The
coordination of practical training in college of engineering and technology
(CoET) had located me to carry out my PT1 in LINZA CONCRETE DESIGN, it is a
company which deals with construction as the consultants and structural
engineers, that company also located me at one of their stakeholders company of
contractors called BENCH MARK ENGINEERING Ltd.
All activities
described below were performed in that company. It was my great advantage that
the company had different sites that made me possible to be able to learn much
more stuffs important to my career. I worked at both site, TEMEKE and MAGOMENI,
but most of my time was spent at Temeke as my major site. Only two last week of
my PT1, I continued my activities at Magomeni site. More description is about
Temeke site
At Temeke the
building is a 4 storey building (25614 mmx11310mm) constructed near the USALAMA
police station.
The following are
the stakeholders of the project at Temeke site:
PROJECT:
PROPOSED COMMERCE AND RESIDENTIAL BUILDING ON PLOT NO 39 BLOCK D, TEMEKE (DSM).
CLIENT: Mr.
SALUM
BUILDING PERMIT:
NO 4839
ARCHITECT:
BPM STUDIOS
SRUCTURAL ENGINEERS: LINZA CONCRETE DESIGN
QUANTITY SURVEYORS: NYANZA QS CONSULTANT
MAIN CONTRACTOR: BENCH MARK ENGINEERING LTD
CONTRACTOR:
BABA SADA CONTRACTOR GENERAL ENTREPRISE
6.1. DESCRIPTION OF
WORK
The general overview of the site work at the construction
site was the whole process of Slab construction, stair construction, steel
fixing, walls construction, Formwork
fixing, as well as casting of concrete.
·
Concreting
(concrete work);
At each stage slump tests to control water, and
compression cube preparation was done. The strength of the concrete was tested
and agreed with B.S standards.
·
Reinforcements
fixing (steel work);
In reinforcement we cut bars, bent, and fix them to the
required position as per specification in the drawings. This was done in the
slabs, Columns, and Stairs. High tensile steel bars of diameters 12, 16 and
20mm were used. In addition to those 8mm bars were used for links bars.
·
Leveling;
Leveling was done in the top slab to insure vertical transferring of the
load through the columns.
·
Formwork fixing;
Formwork was fixed in concrete work for columns, slabs
and stairs; this was to ensure the control of the shape of the finished
structure and to support the workers and the load they carry.
·
Wall
construction;
The wall are
used for protecting the occupant and their properties also as a partitions,
some time especially external wall can be used to transfer loads(load bearing
wall).
THE BUILDING
MATERIALS USED:
Various materials were used in the construction process. The
materials include; Cement Coarse and fine aggregates, Steel bars, and Woods
(Timber & marine boards). Due to its effects depending on the type used,
water is described as a building material in this report. The strength of the
concrete used in construction of various elements on the construction is also
described (specified).
a.
AGGREGATES
Both Coarse and fine aggregates
were locally collected from different parts within the Coast region. Fine aggregates
were collected from Mukulanga at Pwani region. The coarse aggregates were
collected from Logoba at Pwani region. The aggregates used were free from
impurities (organic matter). If there were impurities, the strength of the
elements (columns, slabs or beams) formed could below.
The coarse aggregates used in
construction of different structures of the project were of different sizes.
For example those of 20mm were used in beams and slabs.
b.
CEMENT
It was Ordinary Lucky cement. The Cement was manufactured in
Pakistan.
c.
WOODS
The woods used were of two types; Cyprus woods (timber) and
Marine board. The Cyprus woods were collected from Iringa region and the marine
board was imported from Bombay (India). The woods were used for shuttering and
supporting the safety nets. The woods used for shuttering were supposed to be
free from knots, splits and other shakes. The newly used woods had the above
mentioned qualities; had neither splits nor knots. The recycled or reused woods
had several splits and knots. The shakes led to the formation of knots on the
surfaces of the finished elements (beams, slabs and columns). These have
adverse effects to the distribution or transfer of the load to the ground.
Knots led to the concentration of the forces (load) at only one point leading
to the failure of the structures subsequently the collapse of the building.
Thus knots should be observed and avoided during any construction process.
d.
STEEL BARS
The steel bars used in the construction process were
imported from South Africa and Asia in which they buy in term of tone and one tone
it cost 2milliontanzanian shillings.
The bars were of different diameters (sizes) depending on their use (the
structures or elements of the building to be reinforced).
The following table (bar bending schedule) shows the sizes
of the bars used in construction of building at TEMEKE and MAGOMENI with their
specifications.
The high yield
steels used have had yield strength of 410K N/mm-2. The imported
bars were tested for the strength before being used for construction purposes.
To avoid failure during and after construction, the bars used were free from
both rusting and knots. The high yield steel bars were used because of their
high yield strength that enables them to carry sufficient load before failure.
e.
WATER
water used in
construction at TEMEKE and MAGOMENI was The water supplied by the Dar es Salaam
Water Supply Company (DAWASCO).T he use of this water had the purpose of
avoiding salt water which is commonly underground water. For buildings to be
durable the use of salt water during construction is not recommended and
therefore it should be avoided.
f.
CONCRETE
The
concrete used in construction of different structures of the construction had
different mixing ratio (grades). The size of the coarse aggregates used to make
the concrete differed depending on the use of the concrete (grades). That is
the grade of concrete for columns was not the same as that for slabs.
CONCRETE
COVER TO REINFORCEMENTS
The concrete
cover to the reinforcements differed depending on the structure and its load is
to transfer to the ground. When shuttering, the concrete cover was given by the
thickness of the spacer blocks.
6.2. PROJECT LOCATION
The project was located at TEMEKE after USALAMA police
station you move 500m then you turn right and you move again around 250m to
reach the site.
6.3. CONSTRUCTION
PROCESS
When I arrived at the site the current work was formwork
making for slab, Then after stair construction from ground floor to the second
floor in order to provide means of ascent and descent because casting was done
by transferring concrete to the second floor with bucket, curing of water was
continuous until 28 days but after 2 days other activities was started by
setting out of kicker, steel reinforcement, casting and curing for columns,
then after that the work was started to construction of partition wall and
external wall in the ground floor at the same time formwork for slab of third
floor and steel bar fixing for slab was
done per specification and took one week including laying out conduit pipe for
electrical wiring, then casting of concrete was done and curing was continuous.
After casting of concrete then there was setting out of
kicker and steel reinforcement for columns in fourth floor and the construction
of partition wall and external wall in ground floor was continuous at the same
time, then after that steel bar fixing for slab was done per specification in
fourth floor including laying out conduit pipe for electrical wiring; Then the
concrete work was done per specification of structural engineer (grade 25)
ratio 1:1.5:3 and all test was taken out as required (slump test and crushing
of concrete cubes).
There was other site which had started at MAGOMENI where I
was transferred with the company in order to increase the knowledge by looking
the activities of beginning of the building. When I arrived there; there were
activities of formwork and retaining wall construction then after aver site
concrete was done per specification using the required grade 15 ratio of 1:3:6.
6.4. FINANCIAL
COMMITIMENT AND TIME TARGET
6.4. a. BENEFIT OF THE PROJECT
- The project aimed at providing accessibility and comfortable
the owners, the people around will benefit from it by hiring.
- As it were proposed for
commerce, the people around will be facilitated to fulfill their basic
needs.
- The buildings are being
constructed under the rule of city planning; therefore they are the
parts of it.
6.4.
b. COSTS OF THE PROJECTS
- Temeke site
The project was targets the budget of 1
billion Tanzania Shillings
§
Magomeni
site
The project was targets the budget of 1111358093 Tanzania shillings
6.4. c. DURATION OF THE PROJECTS
- Temeke
site
The project was issued to be completed about 1years, started March
2012 targets to end February 2013 and since I have been there the work was
about at beginning of finishing stage shows that it will be completed at the
required time.
- Magomeni
site
The project was issued to be completed in 2years, started April 2012
targets to end April 2014 and we left the site when the foundation was already
done.
6.5. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED
These are the difficulties I faced at time of training.
1.
Safety precautions were not observed at time
of training; Also there is no protecting gears for example elements, mask,
overcoat and boots so people are just working manually which are very dangerous
to the workers:
ü
Workers walk on the reinforced bars changing
their positions,
ü
Cement were held with bare hands,
ü
Binding wires were bent with bare hands, hand
ware scratched,
ü
Machine should be regularly checked for
maintenance to avoid accidents
2. Little
attention by the training officers. Always we were asking activity to do, if we
could remain silence we could have done nothing and they were not comfortable
with it;
3. Some
of the equipments for measuring and testing
had defects;
4. Technology
used during construction was low, small concrete mixer was used, man power,
(labour intensive productivity) was the man source of labour.
5. Poor
management both to client and contractor due to lack of educated person so this
led to delay of the project and unexpected loses for example there is no
working schedules for the activities they just working manually.
6.
Most of the staff members were not ready to
co operate with the trainees once they face technical problems, which cause the
trainees to have difficulties on finding the solutions.
7.
The trainees were not well supported in
terms of information about the company and the project as concern.
6.6. RECOMMENDATIONS:
I.
Because government emphasis on the life of its
people, the extent to which the company provide safety must be the condition to
win the tender, and there should be the law to emphasis that. That’s
Construction industries should build the habits of using safety gears; apron,
boot, gloves for health of the workers.
II.
Training officers should treat student with
attention, similar to other workers of the firm and command where possible as
the PT regulation requires.
III.
The results of testing are used in design,
leveling for example should be done with complete set of precious equipments
(stuff with bubble for example).
IV.
Industries should place students in accordance
to their level of education, or enough supervision should be provided to the
student.
V.
The production should be technologically
intensive; equipment should match the work to be done.
VI.
At the site, there as to be a permanent store
with a guard (storekeeper) to make sure all of the equipment and construction
materials are kept safe and in case of anything missing or required which is
not available, immediately he/she should report to the one in charge.
VII.
Health and safety are very important for workers
especially Labour which in most cases are affected directly by this problems.
VIII.
No any kind of harm is to be promoted during
construction work; therefore all workers are required to make the use of safety
gears to be safe against any accident or danger which might occur.
IX.
Site engineer finally is required to be visiting
the site as many times as possible. There some technical or problem which may
require his presence to solve.
X.
I would like to recommend to the university of
Dar Es salaam to continue assisting students in obtain the right place for
doing their practical training which are based on their field of their
specialization.
CONCLUSION
(Skills gained)
In the eight weeks of my Practical Training
program, I have learnt (skilled in) various construction activities
(processes). The activities include; Leveling, concreting activities, Steel
works such as preparation of reinforcement bars for columns, slab, beams and
ring bars, Carpentry works such as shuttering activities and masonry work.
Therefore, after the eight weeks of the PT, I’m able to carry out good number
of such activities mentioned above successfully. I really enjoyed and
appreciate their concern to me and other Practical Training or workers from
other company who were advising me different skills.
7.
WEEKLY
REPORTS
7.0.
WEEKKLY REPORT NO 1: FROM 25 TO 29/06/2012
FORMWORK MAKING
1.
INTRODUCTION:
Formwork for concrete work is described as a mould or box
into which wet concrete can be poured, compacted and vibrated so that it will
flow and finally set to the inner profile of the box or mould. The Ring beam
formwork has the dimensions, height 300mm, thickness 230mm and the slab
formwork height 150 mm, all the dimensions was given on the drawing plan.
2.
OBJECTIVE:
Formwork is used as a temporary support structure to hold
the wet concrete till is hardened, it is
also used to contain or retain concrete in a specific shape and size until the
concrete has develop sufficient strength to stay in position without support .
3.
MATERIAL
USED:
o
Marine board(4”*8”*18mm)
o
Timber (2”*4” and 2”*2”).
o
Nails (3”, 4” and 2.5”).
o
Props (mirunda trees and metals).
o
Scaffolding
4.
TOOLS AND
MACHINE USED:
§
Hand saw.
§
Tape measure.
§
Rope for lining.
§
Circular saw machine
§
Spirit level for lining.
§
Claw hammer.
5.
SOURCE
AND ORGIN OF MATERIALS:
The soft wood (Mirunda) and Timber were taken direct from
Iringa and marine board was taken from Bombay (India)
6.
PROCEDURES:
Ø
The all materials were prepared, timbers were
planed to the required size (2”*2” and 2”*4”) and the props were cut on site to
the required size given on the drawing plan.
Ø
The soffits of the beams were constructed first
followed by the side of the beams internally and the slabs soffits were
constructed per the drawing.
Ø
The props were placed together with scaffolding,
150mm to 200mm apart so as to sustain the loads of slabs and beams.
Ø
Lastly the external side were placed per the
drawing and supported per specification as shown to the drawings.
7.
SKILLS
AND MANPOWER:
§
Engineer,
§
Site foreman,
§
PT students,
§
Unskilled and Skilled labour,
§
Carpenters,
8.
SAFETY
PRECATIONS
The worker and all peoples around the site were not given
safety gear to ensure that they are safe. Our construction site is an extremely
busy work environment so care was taken to avoid run over by operating
equipment and materials.
9.
INFLUENCE
OF ENVIRONMENT CONDITIONS
During construction of formwork the weather conditions
were normal which allow the carpenters and the manpower to work at the maximum
required time.
10.
TIME
REQUIRED
We use marine board and timber which were measured
carefully with their respecting sizes, we finish the work at required time.
11.
CONCLUSIONS
The work was done well per specification and completed as
required as an engineering work it was constructed with, Quality, safety,
economic and within the time..
7.1.
WEEKLY
REPORT NO 2: FROM 02 TO 06/ 07/2012
STAIRS
CONSTRUCTION
1.
INTRODUCTION:
Stair is a sequence of steps which is provided to afford the means of
ascent and descent between the floor or landings. Stairs are structure in the building that enables movements of good or
people from one floor to the other.
Stair always consist a series of flight and landing.
2. OBJECTIVES:
The following are the function
of staircase:
Ø
Provide a mean of circulation between floor
levels
Ø
Establish a safe means of travel between floor
levels
Ø
Provide an easy means of conveying fitting and
furniture between floor level
The main objective of construction
of stair is to afford the means of ascent and descent between floors or landing.
3.
MATERIAL
USED:
·
Cement
·
Sand
·
Aggregates
·
Timber1”*8”,1”*6”,2”*4”
and 2”*3”
·
nail
·
Marine board
·
Trees/mirunda
·
High yield reinforcement steel 12mm and 10mm
·
Water
·
Binding wires
4. SOURCE OF MATERIAL
Cement was lucky cement from Pakistan, sand from
mukulanga (pwani), aggregates was from Logoba, the soft wood (Mirunda) and
Timber were taken direct from Iringa and marine board was taken from Bombay (India)
5. TOOLS AND MACHINE USED.
v
Concrete mixer machine: Used for mixing
aggregates, sand and cement with water to have the well mixed ratio of
concrete.
v
Vibrator machine: used for compaction during
casting.
v
Wove/blower: used for cleaning the surfaces of
steel bars.
v
Grinding machine: For cutting the steel bars.
v
Circular saw machine: Used for cutting marine board.
v
Hand saw: used for cutting timber and
trees/mirunda.
v
Hammer: For fixing the nails
v
Pincer: used for tighten the steel bars by
holding the binding wires and cutting of the extended pieces of binding wires.
v
Tape: used not only to measure steels during cutting
and bending but also to measure timber, trees and marine board during cutting
and fixing.
v
Trowel: used to plan the top surface of the
going.
v
Water tank: used to stock the water near the
concrete mixer machine.
v
Spirit level for leveling timber formwork
v
Spicer for cutting binding wire and tighten the
steel bar
v
Claw bar for removing the formwork after casting
concrete.
v
Spade: used for spreading the mixed concrete and
filling
of aggregates and sand to the bucket for measuring ratio.
v
Bucket:
6. SKILLS AND MANPOWER:
Ø
Site engineer
Ø
Site foreman
Ø
Carpenters
Ø
Skilled and unskilled labour
Ø
PT students
7. PROCEDURES:
·
Reading the dimensions given on the drawing plan
of the building.
·
Cleaning of the stair case.
·
The materials, timber marine board and mirunda
trees were measured by considering the dimension given on drawing plan of
building.
v
These materials are arranged and fixed in the
stair case in order to make formwork
then the bottom of the stair were prepared where by 1”*6”,1”*8” were used on
top of 2”*4” which were placed 20cm a parts, these was include bottom of the
landing. After that the side of
stair (300mm) were placed including the landing side (150mm) but the side of
stair was include waist of stair (150mm).
·
The high
yield reinforcement steel were measured and cut to the dimension which is given
on drawing plan; this process was done using the tape measure for measuring and
grinding machine for cutting.
·
The high yield steel bars were superposed to
each other and tightened with pincer by holding the binding wires.
·
After steel fixing then the steps of stair was
fixed by ensuring the tread of 300mm and the riser of 150mm.
·
Removal of the impurities in the formwork using
wove/blower machine before casting to prevent the concrete harm full.
·
The materials measurement using the ratio of1:1.5:3 (grade 25) cement , sand and
aggregates respectively.
·
The materials were transported to the mixer
machine by using bucket.
·
The mixing was done by filling aggregates,
water, sand and cement respectively in the concrete mixer machine to make good
mixture of required quality.
·
Stair casting, was done using bucket for taking
mixture from the mixer machine to the stair form work and then the vibrator
machine was used to ensure that the mixture is well compacted for preventing
pores in concrete after shrinkage.
·
The equipment used were cleaned and taken to the
store for the future use.
·
In order to maintain the safety of concrete in
preventing cracks and the curing period will be conducted for 7 days.
8. TIME REQUIRED:
We use marine board and timber which were measured carefully with their
respecting sizes, we finish the work at required time.
9. INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT CONDITION:
During the construction, the weather conditions were normal which allow
and favorite the manpower to work at maximum required time.
10.
SAFETY
PRECAUTIONS:
Since we were using many types of equipment, some of them
can cause injuries, so care was taken when assembling, cutting, casting and
mixing so as to avoid harm and hazard.
11. CONCLUSION:
During the work some
measurement were changed because of the space and quality of intended action;
the work was done also manually because of lack of equipment for instance
dumper for taking the mixed concrete from the mixer machine to the stairs; then
this was done using bucket.
The intended purpose was achieved timely and efficiently in
spite of manual work.
7.2.
WEEKLY
REPORT NO 3: FROM 09 TO 14/07/2012.
COLUMNS CONSTRUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION:
A column is the
vertical member carrying the beam and floor loadings to the foundation and is a
compression member. The columns are made with reinforced concrete; also columns
are used to determine the exact position of walls, stairs, and corridors and so
on. Since concrete is strong in compression it may be concluded that provided
compressive strength of the concrete is not exceeded no reinforcement would be
required. For this condition to be true the following conditions must exist:
ü
loading must be axial
ü
small ratio between height and diameter of the
beam
ü
the large cross section area
These conditions rarely occur in framed buildings,
consequently bending is included and the need for reinforcement to provide
tensile strength is apparent.
On the site we made 24 columns of
rectangular form which have the dimension of 460mm in length, 230mm in width
and 2700mm in height.
2. MATERIALS USED:
§
Cement
§
Sand
§
Aggregates
§
Water
§
Marine board
§
Timber
§
Steel bars
§
Nails
§
Props (mirunda trees)
§
Binding wires
§
Oil
3.
SOURCE
OF MATERIAL
Cement was lucky cement from Pakistan, sand from
mukulanga, aggregates was from Logoba, the soft wood (Mirunda) and Timber were
taken direct from Iringa and marine board was taken from Bombay (India).
4. SKILLS AND MAN POWER
On the site there was:
·
site foreman
·
site engineer
·
PT students
·
Carpenter
·
Skilled and unskilled labours.
5. PROCEDURES
·
Setting out columns was firstly done since the
construction of slab by means of dump level, where by starter bars for columns
were erected on the required position. Then the construction of slab basement
followed.
·
We then start by fixing the steel bars for
columns to the height of second floor level. We used steel bars of dimension
Y16 and for stirrup was Y8. The cutting, bending and fixing of steel bars were
done as per bending schedule.
·
Fixing of spacer blocks was the next step; this
was done purposely to give a maximum cover for the concrete.
·
Since we received the formworks i.e. timber
formworks, which has already being prepared on the required positions. Timber
and nails were used on tighten the timber formwork. Tighten process was done
purposely to prevent grout leakage.
·
Plumb bob and measuring tape was then used to
ensure that the column formwork stand vertically without lean on other sides.
·
Finally casting of concrete on the column
formwork was done, concrete of grade 25 in ratio of 1:11/2:3 were
used. Casting was done in one operation with the use of mechanical vibrator
(pocker) to ensure maximum compaction.
6. INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
During construction of columns, the weather conditions were condensate,
which allow the labour to work at the maximum required time.
7. TIME REQUIRED
Column construction, fixing and casting were done at the
required time.
8. SAFETY PRECAUTION
QUALITY: care was observed during construction and erection
so that the required size, position and finish of concrete are obtained.
9. SAFETY:
They were constructed strong enough to take pressure or
weight of the fresh concrete and any other load without distortion, leakage
failure or danger to humans.
In addition helmets, gloves were strictly advised to be worn
throughout the time of column construction. This was done purposely to protect
the labour.
10. CONCLUSION:
Column reinforcements should be anchored horizontally to the
beams
with enough anchorage length.
The work was done well per
specification and completed as required as an engineering work it was
constructed with, Quality, safety, economic and within the time.
7.3.
WEEKLY
REPORT NO 4: FROM 16 TO 21 /07/2012
REINFORCEMENT
1.
INTRODUCTION:
The steel bar for the columns and beams were fabricated
as per drawings (bar bending schedule) whereby main bar was 20mm diameter and
for the links was 8mm.
Columns these are the vertical member which transfer the
loads from slabs and beams to the foundations and being distributed to the
soil. Also beams take load from slabs and direct it to columns
2.
MATERIAL
USED
Steel bars of different diameter as shown on drawings and
Binding wires was from South Africa.
3.
TOOLS
USED
Hacksaws
Pincer
Bending bars
Chalks for marking
Measuring tape
Special for bending links according to drawings
Grinding machine
4.
PROCEDURES
All steel bars were prepared and being arranged as
required by cutting it in required height according to the bar bending
schedules.
The main bars and links were bends per bar bending
schedule.
Then after cutting the steel bars both main bars and
links were righted together by binding wire per specifications.
The process was repeated until the work was completed.
5.
SKILLS
AND MANPOWER
v
engineer
v
Students from university of Dar es salaam
v
Unskilled labour
v
Site Foreman
6. TIME REQUIRED:
The work was done at required time.
7.
SAFETY
PRECATIONS
The worker and all peoples around
the site were not given safety gear to ensure that they are safety.
Some of welfare facilities were
there like cleans water for drinking and foods.
8. INFLUENCE
OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS:
During steel fixing, the weather conditions
were condensate, which allow the labour to work at the maximum required time.
9.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Before cutting the steels bar first your advice to check
the actual dimension of the constructed building and compare it with the bar
bending schedule
10.
CONCLUSIONS
The fabrication of steel bars were done well and
completed per specifications.
7.4 WEEKLY REPORT NO 5: FROM 23 TO 28 07/2012.
WALL CONSTRUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION:
Clay brick masonry building is the most likely used type of structural
system on
Housing in many countries. More houses are built using this system.
Building a house without following the National Standards of Earthquake design,
the Masonry design standard and this Masonry Construction guide could produce
damage on the house. For our site the bond used where stretcher bond.
2.
OBJECTIVES:
The
wall are used for protecting the occupant and their properties also as a
partitions, some time especially external wall can be used to transfer
loads(load bearing wall)
3. SKILLS AND MANPOWER USED:
·
PT
Students
·
Engineer
·
Site foreman
·
skilled labour
·
Unskilled labour
4.
MATERIALS USED:
·
Cement
·
Sand
·
Water
·
Masonry units
5. SOURCE OF MATERIAL
Cement was lucky cement from Pakistan, sand from
Mukulanga and masonry units (blocks cement) which was from Mbagala.
6. TOOLS AND MACHINE USED:
Air or bubble level: Used to determine the level difference
between two or more near points.
Brick layer’s trowel: A metallic or wood plate or palette used to
spread mortar for brick layering or covering (finishing).
Cord: Thick thread used to level bricks between
layers.
Lead Weight: Used to determining a vertical alignment.
It is composed by a cylindrical form
weight made of lead, which is suspended
by a thread crossing its center.
Scaffold: Metallic or wood structure that permit
to work in a height place.
Square or Angle: Can be metallic or wooden assembled
in a cross of 90º and maintain its position
by another diagonally strips.
7. PROCEDURES:
·
Preparing the ground: Ground should be clean, without rubbish neither
organic material nor any odd element to the ground.
·
Drawing the structure on the ground: Ropes (cord) are tightened, using trestles
made by wood poles nailed to a transversal stick and embedded to the ground.
Trestles are placed at external part of build. Check the angle of 900 at the corners making triangle of 3-4-5
length sides.
·
Preparation of the bricks: Bricks should be wet before layer them so
they don’t absorb water from mortar and obtaining a good adherence
mortar-brick.
·
Preparation of the mortar: To make the mortar, the mix will have thick
sand - cement ratio of 5:1. Sand and cement should be mixed dry. Next this dry
mix was mixed with water using spade.
·
The construction process:
Ø
The lining of blocks was maintained by using
ropes which was tight to the first blocks and the last one and these was done
to the all course
Ø
The verticality was insured by using plumb bob
to each laid blocks to insure that the whole wall are vertical.
Ø
The all process was repeated to all part of the
building to insure that the work is completed as per drawings.
8.
TIME REQUIRED:
The work was completely done at the required
time.
9.
INFRUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT CONDITION:
During the construction, the weather conditions were normal which allow
and favorite the manpower to work at maximum required time.
10. SAFETY PRECAUTION:
Helmets and reflectors (vest) were strictly advised to be
worn throughout the time of construction. This was done purposely to protect
the labour.
11. CONCLUSION:
v
For the
case of the wall the following must be insured so as to obtain neatness of
works;
i.
Lining: These was done by using rope(manila) so as to obtain the well
arrangement of the wall
ii.
Verticality: these also was done by using plumb bob
iii.
It is very important to
keep the mortar workable, so the proportion of mixture must remain identically
during the whole process.
WEEKLY
REPORT NO 6: FROM 30 TO 04/ 08/ 2012.
CONCRETE WORK
1. 3.
SKILLS
AND MANPOWER:
·
Engineer
·
Site foreman
·
PT Student
·
Unskilled Labour
4. TIME REQUIRED:
The work was done at
required time
5. MATERIAL USED:
- cement
- Sand
- aggregates
- water
6. SOURCE OF MATERIAL
Cement was lucky cement from Pakistan,
sand from mbagala and aggregates from Logoba
7.
TOOLS
AND MACHINE:
o
Concrete mixer machine
o
Spade
o
Water tank
o
Bucket.
o
Vibrator machine
8.
PROCEDURES:
ü
The
material were prepared as required including fine aggregate (pass 4mm sieve),
course aggregate (retained 4mm sieve) but was 1.5” and bags of cement.
ü
Then
the concrete mix machine was switched on and their speed was moderate then the
fine aggregate, course aggregate and cement were batched by volume (nominal
mix) then optimum water was applied to the drum of concrete mixer and the mixer
was left (around 3-4 minutes) to obtain the required mixer.
NOTE:
The concrete ratio depends on the usage for example:
ü
1:3:6
(grade 15) mass concrete for over site concrete.
ü
1:2:4
(grade 20) reinforced concrete
ü
1:11/2:3
(grade 25) reinforced concrete. These ratio was used for our site for column
and suspend slabs (reinforced slabs)
7.1 CASTING OF CONCRETE
Ø
Before
casting the slum test was done and the concrete cubes was taken for testing but
also formwork was oiled to avoid striking of concrete for which would cause
difficulties in removing, then casting was done and correctly maintained
distance to avoid segregation
7.2 TECHNICAL
PROBLEMS
Ø
Various
problems arise some being technical and other due to administration and work
organization for example:
ü
No
enough equipment, breaking down of mixer which causes delay of the work.
ü
Also in
some case the formwork are not firm to hold the power of vibrator there the
compaction was not sufficient.
i.
INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS:
During concrete work, the weather
conditions were condensate, which allow the labour to work at the maximum
required time.
9.
SAFETY PRECAUTION
The
worker and all peoples around the site were not given safety gear to ensure
that they are safety. Some of
welfare facilities were there like cleans water for drinking and foods.
10. RECOMMENDATION
Ø
In
concrete work the following should be observed to obtain strong and long
lasting structures:
I.
Proper
batching
II.
The
speed of drum must be more than 20rev/min and not less than 14rev/min.
III.
Also
the contractors should ensure that qualified structural technicians for
supervision.
10. CONCLUSION:
The formwork must be left during at least a minimum
time to get the initial hardening of the placed concrete. The work was done and completed per
specification
A good vibration process must be produced to avoid
voids in the concrete. Vibrators or steel bars could be used for vibration. If
voids or irregularities are appeared in the concrete the resistance in the
concrete will decrease.
7.6.
WEEKLY
REPORT NO 7: FROM 07 TO 11/08/2012.
FORM WORK MAKING FOR RING BEAM
FORM WORK MAKING FOR RING BEAM
1. INTRODUCTION
Formwork is the term given to either temporary or permanent mould in to
which the concrete or similar materials are poured. In the context of concrete
construction the false work support the shuttering moulds.
2. MATERIAL
USED
v
Marine board
as the side of beam formwork.
v
Timber
(1”*6”, 1”*8”, 1”*10” and 2”*4”).
v
Nail
(3”, 4” and 2.5”).
3. TOOLS
USED
v
Hand
saw.
v
Tape
measure.
v
Rope
for lining.
v
Spirit
level for lining.
v
Claw
hammer.
4. SOURCE
OF MATERIAL
The soft wood (Mirunda) and
Timber were taken direct from Iringa and marine board was taken from Bombay (India).
5. SOURCE
OF MATERIAL
v
The
material was taken direct from Iringa (soft wood) and being transferred by the
big track up to site. Also marine board and nail was taken from Bombay (India)
located in Arusha.
TIME REQUIRED:
The work was
completely done at the required time.
6. PROCEDURES
7.
Reading
of the required dimensions on the drawing
8.
Cutting
timber, props and marine board by the use of hand saw on the required
dimension. The all materials
were prepared, as the timbers were planed to the required size (1”*6”, 1”*8”,
1”*10” and 2”*4”).
9.
Arranging
them on the different parts of foundation wall where by the reference levels
were taken.
10.
Leveling
by dumpy level to ensure that they were at the same level
11.
Fixing
marine board, timber and props at their required parts; the internal and external side were placed
per the drawing and supported per specification as shown to the drawings.
12.
Maintaining
the required dimensions by the use of rope
on beam and slab
13.
Position
joist clamping connector on top of the cross beam, press it against side
formwork and tighten wing nut by means of a hammer.
14. SKILLS
AND MANPOWER:
Engineer
Site foreman
PT Students
Carpenters
Skilled and
unskilled labour
15. SAFETY
PRECATIONS
v
The
worker and all peoples around the site were not given safety gear to ensure
that they are safety.
v
Some of
welfare facilities were there like cleans water for drinking and foods.
INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION:
The atmosphere condition was sunny and too windy blowing
since it dry in Dar es Salaam months.
16. CONCLUSIONS
The work was done
well per specification and completed as required.
7.7.
WEEKLY
REPORT NO 8: FROM 13 TO 17 /08/ 2012
OVERSITE CONCRETE
WORK.
1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the hardened building material created by combining a
chemically inert aggregate (fine and coarse aggregate),a binder (cement) and
water in controlled proportions and of suitable quality.
Cement:
powder produced from clay and chalk or limestone. In general most concrete is
made up with ordinary or rapid hardening cement and it is act as a binder.
Aggregate:
shape, surface texture and grading (distribution of particle size) are factor
which influence the workability and strength of a concrete mix. Fine aggregate
are generally regarded as those materials which pass through 4mm sieve whereas
course aggregate are retained on a 4mm sieve
Water
must be clean and free from impurities which are likely to affect the quality
or strength of the resultant concrete.
Basic
requirement of concrete are:
I.
Appropriate
workability
I.
Optimum
compactability
II.
Sufficient
cohesiveness
2.
OBJECTIVE:
3.
SKILLS
AND MANPOWER USED.
During over site concrete work there was Engineer, site foreman, Students,
Skilled and unskilled labour.
At the beginning there was calculation of materials which is needed
during all work from the beginning to the end in order to do the work
economically by saving time.
There was volume of where the concrete must be casted which was
calculated before; that volume was 15.029m3.
The formula used was:
No of bags of cement= (D×V) ÷(50×SUM
OF RATIO)
D: Density of cement which is 1500kg/m3.
V: volume of where to be casted.
Ratio: 1:3:6; sum is 1+3+6=7.
Sum was multiplied by 50 because one bag of cement contain50kg.
Then no of bag of cement was (1500×15.029) ÷ (50×7)
= 64.41bags; Approximately 65 bags of cement.
The volume of aggregates was calculated by taking the total volume
multiply by 0.85.
Then volume of aggregates=15.029m3×0.85
=12.77m3 approximately 13m3
The volume of sand was calculated by taking volume of aggregate divide by
two.
Then
the volume of sand was 13m3÷2=6.5m3 approximately 7m3.
3.
MATERIAL USED
v
Fine
aggregate(Sand)
v
Course
aggregate
v
Cement
v
Water
4. TOOLS USED
v
Concrete
mixer,
v
spade,
v
Buckets.
5. SOURCE OF MATERIALS
Cement was lucky cement from Pakistan, sand from
Mukulanga and course aggregates was from Logoba.
4. PROCEDURES
v
The
material were prepared as required including fine aggregate (pass 4mm sieve),
course aggregate (retained 4mm sieve) but was 1.5” and bags of cement.
v
Then
the concrete mix machine was switched on and their speed was moderate then the
fine aggregate, course aggregate and cement were batched by volume (nominal
mix) then optimum water was applied to the drum of concrete mixer and the mixer
was left (around 3-4 minutes) to obtain the required mixer.
NOTE
The concrete ratio used was 1:3:6 (grade 15) mass concrete for over site
concrete.
7. CASTING OF CONCRETE
Ø
Before
casting the slum test was done and the concrete cubes was taken for testing but
also formwork was oiled to avoid striking of concrete for which would cause
difficulties in removing, then casting was done and correctly maintained
distance to avoid segregation
8.
TECHNICAL PROBLEMS
Ø
Various
problems arise some being technical and other due to administration and work
organization for example
No
enough equipment, breaking down of mixer which causes delay of the work.
Also in
some case the form work are not firm to hold the power of vibrator there the
compaction was not sufficient.
9. ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
During the construction, the weather conditions were normal which allow
and favorite the manpower to work at maximum required time.
10. SAFETY
PRECAUTION
Ø
The
worker and all peoples around the site were not given safety gear to ensure
that they are safety.
Ø
Some of
welfare facilities were there like cleans water for drinking and foods.
11. RECOMMENDATION
Ø
In
concrete work the following should be observed to obtain strong and long
lasting structures:
IV.
Proper
batching
V.
The
speed of drum must be more than 20rev/min and not less than 14rev/min.
VI.
Also
the contractors should ensure that qualified structural technicians are there
for supervision.
12. CONCLUSION
Ø
The
work was done well per specification and completed as required.
Concrete after two days
GLOSSARY
Basic
Concepts:
Beam = Structural element that supports loads in
transversal direction to its axis and Behaves mainly by flexion. A confining
beam transmits loads to the wall.
Bearing wall = Wall designed and constructed in a way that
can transmit horizontal and vertical loads from an upper to a lower level up to
the foundation.
Column = Element of reinforced concrete designed
and built to bear and transmit horizontal and vertical loads to the foundation.
Foundation = Part of the building that transmit to the
ground the loads and forces of the entire structure.
Joint = Gap between elements of a structure in order
to control contraction, expansion and vibration and avoiding cracking in the
building.
Laying out = When marking on the surface of the ground
the position of walls and trench alignment, using stakes and cords.
Slab = Structural element used as a floor or roof,
usually horizontal and reinforced in one direction.
Wall density = the ratio between the product of wall
length by its thickness in reinforced walls and the area of the floor.
Materials:
Concrete = A mixing of cement paste, water, sand and
crushed stone or gravel.
Masonry = Material composed by brick or block units
and joined by a mortar to make a wall.
Mortar = A mix of agglomerate (cement), aggregates
(sand and stone) and water in a specific proportion. It is used to glue units
of bricks.
Sand +
gravel= a natural mix of
aggregates; sand and stone of river.
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